Assessment of the Effects of the 2M39 “Poseidon” Nuclear-Armed UUV Based on Underwater Nuclear Explosions

Abstract

This study examines the operational concept and potential effects of nuclear-powered underwater autonomous vehicles, with particular focus on the Russian 2M39 “Poseidon” system. Using historical nuclear test data as an analytical baseline, the paper evaluates the destructive mechanisms and realistic capabilities of underwater nuclear detonations. The analysis draws on documented results from U.S. and Soviet underwater nuclear test programmes, including Operation Crossroads (Baker), Operation Wigwam, and Operation Hardtack. These experiments provide empirical evidence on shock wave propagation, gas bubble dynamics, and radiological contamination in maritime environments. Findings indicate that underwater nuclear explosions produce significantly higher peak pressures and more efficient energy transfer to submerged targets compared to air bursts. The primary destructive mechanisms include the initial shock wave and subsequent gas bubble oscillations, both of which can cause severe structural and functional damage to naval vessels, even without direct contact.