Trust in the Police and Willingness to Report Crimes: Who Researched the Nexus, When and with What Result?
Copyright (c) 2024 Füstös Mónika
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Absztrakt
For many years criminology has assumed that the more victims trust the police, the more they will be willing to report crimes. Yet, the relationship between trust in the police and victims’ willingness to report has rarely been considered empirically. In the last few years, however, the topic has been attracting more and more attention worldwide. This study reviews the articles published on this topic in English so far and examines them from the perspective of scientific metrics, including the numerical distribution of the correlation. Using the search function of Web of Science, a total of 41 articles were found published between 1975 and 2020 that studied the relationship between the two concepts. Analysing these, it has emerged that research interest in the subject has increased over the past five years, primarily in criminology, but also in the fields of law and social sciences. The results also show that most research comes from economically more developed regions, mainly Anglo-Saxon areas. The main finding of this article is that the research results are inconsistent. Although most research confirms the relationship between trust in the police and willingness to report crimes, there are many studies that contradict this. Furthermore, the controversial results do not seem to correlate with the level of economic development, nor with when the research was published. Therefore, the relationship between trust in the police and the willingness to report crimes should also be researched using qualitative methods in order to gain a deeper understanding of this complex topic, and questionnaires should be designed specifically for this purpose.
Kulcsszavak:
Hogyan kell idézni
Hivatkozások
SLOCUM, Ann L. – TAYLOR, Terrance J. – BRICK, Bradley T. – ESBENSEN, Finn-Aage (2010): Neighborhood Structural Characteristics, Individual-level Attitudes, and Youths’ Crime Reporting Intentions. Criminology, 48(4), 1063–1100. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2010.00212.x
BENNETT, Richard R. – WIEGAND, R. Bruce (1994): Observations on Crime Reporting in a Developing Nation. Criminology, 32(1), 135–148. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1994.tb01149.x
BLOCK, Richard (1974): Why Notify the Police: The Victim's Decision to Notify the Police of an Assault. Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 11(4), 555–569. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1974.tb00614.x
BOATENG, Francis D. (2018): Crime Reporting Behavior: Do Attitudes Toward the Police Matter? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(18), 2891–2916. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516632356
BOTTOMS, A. – TANKEBE, Justice (2012): Beyond Procedural Justice: A Dialogic Approach to Legitimacy in Criminal Justice. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102(1), 119–170. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701996.003.0001
CULOTTA, Katherine A. (2015): Why Victims Hate to Report: Factors Affecting Victim Reporting in Hate Crime Cases in Chicago. Kriminologija & Socijalna Integracija, 13(2), 15–27.
DAVIS, Robert C. – HENDRICKS, Nicole J. (2007): Immigrants and Law Enforcement: A Comparison of Native Born and Foreign-Born Americans’ Opinions of the Police. International Review of Victimology, 14(1), 81–94. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/026975800701400105
ELNTIB, Stamatis – NASS, Zainab S. – IOANNOU, Maria – RYAN, Saskia – CHRISTIANSEN, Paul (2018): Is the Public Willing to Help the Nigerian Police During the Boko Haram Crisis? A Look at Moderating Factors Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 33(1), 55–62. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-017-9234-0
FISHMAN, Gideon (1979): Patterns of Victimisation and Notification. The British Journal of Criminology, 19(2), 146–157. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a046979
GOUDRIAAN, Heike – LYNCH, James P. – NIEUWBEERTA, Paul (2004): Reporting to the Police in Western Nations: A Theoretical Analysis of the Effects of Social Context. Justice Quarterly, 21(4), 933–969. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418820400096041
GOUDRIAAN, Heike – WITTEBROOD, Karin – NIEUWBEERTA, Paul (2006): Neighbourhood Characteristics and Reporting Crime. The British Journal of Criminology, 46(4), 719–742. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azi096
GRIFFITHS, Clare E. (2018): The Disjuncture between Confidence and Cooperation: Police Contact amongst Polish Migrants and Established Residents. European Journal of Criminology, 15(2), 197–216. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370817712962
HARDIN, Russell (2006): Trust. Cambridge: Polity.
HICKMAN, Laura J. – SIMPSON, Sally S. (2003): Fair Treatment or Preferred Outcome? The Impact of Police Behavior on Victim Reports of Domestic Violence Incidents. Law and Society Review, 37(3), 607–634. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5893.3703005
JACKSON, Jonathan – BRUNTON-SMITH, Ian – BRADFORD, Ben – OLIVEIRA, Thiago R. – PÓSCH, Krisztián – STURGIS, Patrick (2021): Police Legitimacy and the Norm to Cooperate: Using a Mixed Effects Location-Scale Model to Estimate the Strength of Social Norms at a Small Spatial Scale. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 37, 547–572. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-020-09467-5
KÄÄRIÄINEN, Juha – SIRÉN, Reino (2011): Trust in the Police, Generalized Trust and Reporting Crime. Journal of Criminology, 8(1), 65–81. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370810376562
KARAKUS, Onder (2017): Instrumental and Normative Pathways to Legitimacy and Public Cooperation with the Police in Turkey: Considering Perceived Neighborhood Characteristics and Local Government Performance. Justice Quarterly, 34(1), 25–54. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2015.1095346
KHONDAKER, Mahfuzul I. – WU, Yuning – LAMBERT, Eric G. (2017): Bangladeshi Immigrants' Willingness to Report Crime in New York City. Policing and Society, 27(2), 188–204. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2015.1040795
KOCHEL, Tammy R. – PARKS, Roger – MASTROFSKI, Stephen D. (2011): Examining Police Effectiveness as a Precursor to Legitimacy and Cooperation with Police. Justice Quarterly, 30(5), 895–925. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2011.633544
KRUGER, Daniel J. – CRICHLOW, Vaughn J. – MCGARRELL, Edmund – HOLLIS, Meghan – JEFFERSON, Briana M. – REISCHL, Thomas M. – ZIMMERMAN, Marc A. (2016): Perceptions of Procedural Justice Mediate the Relationship Between Local Violent Crime Density and Crime Reporting Intentions. Journal of Community Psychology, 44(6), 807–812. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21797
KWAK, Hyounggon – DIERENFELDT, Rick – MCNEELEY, Susan (2019): The Code of the Street and Cooperation with the Police: Do Codes of Violence, Procedural Injustice, and Police Ineffectiveness Discourage Reporting Violent Victimization to the Police? Journal of Criminal Justice, 60, 25–34. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2018.11.001
LEE, Yung H. – CHO, Sujung (2020): The Significance of Instrumental Pathways to Legitimacy and Public Support for Policing in South Korea: Is the Role of Procedural Fairness Too Small? Crime, Law and Social Change, 73(5), 575–603. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10611-019-09876-z
LEE, Yung H. – CHO, Sujung (2021): Assessing a Multidimensional Model of Police Legitimacy in South Korea with Latent Class Analysis. Journal of Crime and Justice, 353–374. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/0735648X.2020.1773897
LI, Feng – SUN, Ivan Y. – WU, Yuning – LIU, Siyu (2021): The Mediating Roles of Law Legitimacy and Police Legitimacy in Predicting Cooperation with Police in China. Journal of Criminology, 54(2), 201–219. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865820965641
MESSING, Jill T. – BECERRA, David – WARD-LASHER, Allison – ANDROFF, David K. (2015): Latinas’ Perceptions of Law Enforcement: Fear of Deportation, Crime Reporting, and Trust in the System. Affilia, 30(3), 328–340. Online: DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0886109915576520
MURPHY, Kristina – BARKWORTH, Julie (2014): Victim Willingness to Report Crime to Police: Does Procedural Justice or Outcome Matter Most? Victims & Offenders, 9(2), 178–204. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2013.872744
MURPHY, Kristina – CHERNEY, Adrian (2011): Fostering Cooperation with the Police: How Do Ethnic Minorities in Australia Respond to Procedural Justice-Based Policing? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(2), 235–257. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865811405260
MURPHY, Kristina – CHERNEY, Adrian – TESTON, Marcus (2019): Promoting Muslims’ Willingness to Report Terror Threats to Police: Testing Competing Theories of Procedural Justice. Justice Quarterly, 36(4), 594–619. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/07418825.2018.1437210
MURPHY, Kristina – MADON, Natasha S. – CHERNEY, Adrian (2017): Promoting Muslims' cooperation with Police in Counter-Terrorism: The Interaction between Procedural Justice, Police Legitimacy and Law Legitimacy. Policing: An International Journal, 40(3), 544–559. Online: https://doi.org/10.1108/PIJPSM-05-2016-0069
MURPHY, Kristina – MADON, Natasha S. – CHERNEY, Adrian (2020): Reporting Threats of Terrorism: Stigmatisation, Procedural Justice and Policing Muslims in Australia. Policing and Society, 30(4), 361–377. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10439463.2018.1551393
MURPHY, Kristina – MAZEROLLE, Lorraine (2018): Policing Immigrants: Using a Randomized Control Trial of Procedural Justice Policing to Promote Trust and Cooperation. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 51(1), 3–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0004865816673691
ÖZAŞÇILAR, Mine – NARLI, Nilüfer – ÖZTÜRK, Osman (2019): Crime Reporting Behavior Among Syrian Immigrants in Istanbul. Crime & Delinquency, 65(14), 1997–2018. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128718807157
PÓSCH, Krisztián – JACKSON, Jonathan – BRADFORD, Ben – MACQUEEN, Sarah (2021): “Truly Free Consent”? Clarifying the Nature of Police Legitimacy using Causal Mediation Analysis. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 17, 563–595. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09426-x
RENGIFO, Andres F. – SLOCUM, Lee Ann – CHILLAR, Vijay (2019): From Impressions to Intentions: Direct and Indirect Effects of Police Contact on Willingness to Report Crimes to Law Enforcement. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 56(3), 412–450. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427818817338
SARGEANT, Elise – MURPHY, Kristina – CHERNEY, Adrian (2014): Ethnicity, Trust and Cooperation with Police: Testing the Dominance of the Process-Based Model. European Journal of Criminology, 11(4), 500–524. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370813511386
SEMUKHINA, Olga (2014): Unreported Crimes, Public Dissatisfaction of Police, and Observed Police Misconduct in the Volgograd Region, Russia: A Research Note. International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice, 38(4), 305–325. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/01924036.2013.872690
SKOGAN, Wesley G. (1976): Citizen Reporting of Crime – Some National Panel Data. Criminology 13(4), 535–549. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.1976.tb00685.x
SKOGAN, Wesley G. (1984): Reporting Crimes to the Police: The Status of World Research. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(2), 113–137. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/0022427884021002003
SLOCUM, L. A. (2018): The Effect of Prior Police Contact on Victimization Reporting: Results from the Police-Public Contact and National Crime Victimization Surveys. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 34(2), 535–589. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10940-017-9345-x
SULKOWSKI, M. L. (2011): An Investigation of Students’ Willingness to Report Threats of Violence in Campus Communities. Psychology of Violence, 1(1), 53–65. Online: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021592
SUN, I. Y. – LI, L. – WU, Y. – HU, R. (2018): Police Legitimacy and Citizen Cooperation in China: Testing an Alternative Model. Asian Journal of Criminology, 13(4), 275–291. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11417-018-9270-4
SUNSHINE, Jason – TYLER, Tom R. (2003): The Role of Procedural Justice and Legitimacy in Shaping Public Support for Policing. Society Review, 37(3), 513–548. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5893.3703002
TANKEBE, Justice (2009): Public Cooperation with the Police in Ghana: Does Procedural Fairness Matter? Criminology, 47(4), 1265–1293. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2009.00175.x
TANKEBE, Justice (2019): Cooperation With the Police Against Corruption: Exploring the Roles of Legitimacy, Deterrence and Collective Action Theories. The British Journal of Criminology, 59(6), 1390–1410. Online: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz030
TANKEBE, Justice – REISIG, M. D. – WANG, X. (2016): A Multidimensional Model of Police Legitimacy: A Cross-Cultural Assessment. Law and Human Behavior, 40(1), 11–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.1037/lhb0000153
TSUSHIMA, Masahiro – HAMAI, Koichi (2015): Public Cooperation With the Police in Japan: Testing the Legitimacy Model. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(2), 212–228. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/1043986214568836
TYLER, Tom R. (2001): Public Trust and Confidence in Legal Authorities: What Do Majority and Minority Group Members Want from the Law and Legal Institutions? Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19(2), 215–235. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.438
TYLER, Tom R. – FAGAN, Jeffery (2008): Legitimacy and Cooperation: Why Do People Help the Police Fight Crime in Their Communities. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231–275.
TYLER, Tom R. – SCHULHOFER, Stephen – HUQ, Aziz Z. (2010): Legitimacy and Deterrence Effects in Counterterrorism Policing: A Study of Muslim Americans. Law & Society Review, 44(2), 365–402. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5893.2010.00405.x
VAN DAMME, Anjuli – PAUWELS, Lieven (2016): Why are Young Adults Willing to Cooperate with the Police and Comply with Traffic Laws? Examining the Role of Attitudes towards the Police and Law, Perceived Deterrence and Personal Morality. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 46, 103–116. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlcj.2016.04.002
WIEDLITZKA, Susann – MAZEROLLE, Lorraine – FAY-RAMIREZ, Suzanna – MILES-JOHNSON, Toby (2018): Perceptions of Police Legitimacy and Citizen Decisions to Report Hate Crime Incidents in Australia. International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy, 7(2), 91–106. Online: https://doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i2.489