Hybrid Migration from Belarus to the European Union

  • Urbán Ferenc
doi: 10.32577/mr.2022.2.17

Abstract

The article describes the phenomenon of irregular migrants camped near the Belarusian–Polish border in a desperate  attempt to enter the EU. They were reported daily in the media in 2021, but by the beginning of 2022, the fate of groups of people trapped in the conflict zone of world politics had lost its news value.In this paper, I outline the factors that have led to this situation and the extent to which the traditional conceptual framework of international migration can be applied to the  phenomenon. 

Keywords:

irregular migration asylum application hybrid migration

How to Cite

Urbán, F. (2022). Hybrid Migration from Belarus to the European Union. Hungarian Law Enforcement, 22(2), 263–273. https://doi.org/10.32577/mr.2022.2.17

References

Arango, Joaquín: Explaining Migration: A Critical View. International Social Science Journal, 52. (2000), 165. 283–296. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2451.00259

Bachmann, Sascha-Dominik Dov – Anthony Paphiti: Mass Migration as a Hybrid Threat? – A Legal Perspective. Polish Political Science Yearbook, 50. (2021), 1. 119–145. Online: https://doi.org/10.15804/ppsy202122

Böcker, Anita – Tetty Havinga: Asylum Migration to the European Union: Patterns of Origin and Destination. Luxembourg, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities 1998. Online: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2633536

Disney, George – Arkadiusz Wiśniowski – Jonathan J. Forster – Peter W. F. Smith – Jakub Bijak: Evaluation of Existing Migration Forecasting Methods and Models. Report for the Migration Advisory Committee: Commissioned research. ESRC Centre for Population Change, University of Southampton. 2015. Online: https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/32468230/FULL_TEXT.PDF

Európai Bizottság: A Bizottság Közleménye az Európai Parlamentnek, a Tanácsnak, az Európai Gazdasági és Szociális Bizottságnak és a Régiók Bizottságának a migrációról és a menekültügyről szóló jelentésről. COM(2021) 590 végleges (2021. szeptember 29.). Online: https://ec.europa.eu/transparency/documents-register/api/files/COM(2021)590_0/090166e5e31a8105?rendition=false

European Asylum Support Office: The Quantitative Assessment of Asylum-Related Migration. A Survey of Methodology. 2017. Online: https://doi.org/10.2847/71794

European Council – Council of the European Union: European Council Conclusions on Belarus, 24 May 2021. III. Belarus (2021. május 24.). Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2021/05/24/european-council-conclusions-on-belarus-24-may-2021/

European Council – Council of the European Union: Timeline – EU Restrictive Measures against Belarus (é. n.). Online: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/sanctions/restrictive-measures-against-belarus/belarus-timeline/

Eurostat Database: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/main/data/database a letöltés ideje: 2022. január 26.

Hunderte Migranten haaren an polnisch-belarussischer Grenze aus. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 2022. január 1. Online: https://www.welt.de/politik/ausland/article235971346/Belarus-Hunderte-Migranten-harren-weiter-an-polnischer-Grenze-aus.html

Hautzinger Zoltán – Hegedűs Judit – Klenner Zoltán: A migráció elmélete. Budapest, Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, 2014. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/16634/1/w207.bat_session%3D1164013711%26infile%3D%26sobj%3D8961%26cgimime%3Dapplication%252Fpdf

IOM Belarus: Response for the Stranded Migrants in Belarus. Situation Report (2022. január 14–20.). Online: https://reliefweb.int/report/belarus/iom-belarus-response-stranded-migrants-belarus-situation-report-14-20-january-2022

King, Russell: Towards a New Map of European Migration. International Journal of Population Geography, 8. (2002), 2. 89–106. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/ijpg.246

Lee, Everett S.: A Theory of Migration. Demography, 3. (1966), 1. 47–57. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2060063

Massey, Douglas S. – Joaquín Arango – Hugo Graeme – Ali Kouaouci – Adela Pellegrino – J. Edward Taylor: A nemzetközi migráció elméletei: áttekintés és értékelés. In Sik Endre (szerk.): A migráció szociológiája. Budapest, ELTE Társadalomtudományi Kar, 2012. 7–29.

Öberg, Sture: Spatial and Economic Factors in Future South-North Migration. In W. Lutz (szerk.): The Future Population of the World. What Can We Assume Today? London, Earthscan, 1994. 361–385.

Poland to Build Belarus Border Wall to Block Migrant Influx. BBC News, 2021. október 29. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59096571

Ravenstein, Ernst Georg: The Laws of Migration. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 48. (1885), 2. 167–235. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2979181

Somodi Zoltán – Kiss Álmos Péter: A hibrid hadviselés fogalmának értelmezése a nemzetközi szakirodalomban. Honvédségi Szemle, 147. (2019), 6. 22–28. Online: https://doi.org/10.35926/HSZ.2019.6.2

Suriyakumaran, Anjali – Yuji Tamura: Asylum Provision: A Review of Economic Theories. International Migration, 54. (2016), 4. 18–30. Online: https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12228

Zolberg, Aristide R: The Next Waves: Migration Theory for a Changing World. The International Migration Review, 23. (1989), 3. 403–430. Online: https://doi.org/10.2307/2546422

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.