Rethinking Global Citizenship and Sustainability
Eight Working Hypotheses
Copyright (c) 2025 Carlos Alberto Torres

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Abstract
.
How to Cite
References
Boccio, L. (2025, April 16). Entre la amenaza Rusa y la mira de Trump en Groenlandia, los paises nordicos aceleran su rearme [Between Russia’s Threat and Trump’s Sights on Greenland, the Nordic Countries Speed Up their Rearmament]. La Nación. Online: https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/entre-la-amenaza-rusa-y-la-mira-de-trump-en-groenlandia-los-paises-nordicos-aceleran-su-rearmenid16042025/
Cohen, L., Goudsward, A. & Hals, T. (2025, April 16). Trump Officials Could Face Criminal Contempt over Deportations, Judge Says. Reuters. Online: https://www.reuters.com/legal/judge-finds-trumpadministration-disregarded-order-venezuelan-deportations-2025-04-16/
Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget (2025, March 24). Tax Cut Extensions Would Add $37 Trillion to Debt by 2054. CRFB. Online: https://www.crfb.org/blogs/tax-cut-extensions-would-add-37-trillion-debt-2054
Demeter, M. (2019). The World-Systemic Dynamics of Knowledge Production: The Distribution of Transnational Academic Capital in the Social Sciences. Journal of World-Systems Research, 25(1), 111–144. Online: https://doi.org/10.5195/JWSR.2019.887
Dörre, K. (2024). Sociedade de classes desmobilizada: das lutas de classes industriais ao conflito em torno da transformação socioecológica. In E. Estanque, A. de Sousa Barbosa & F. Maciel (Eds.), [Re-trabalhando as
classes no diálogo Norte–Sul. Trabalho e desigualdades no capitalism pós-covid Re-Working Classes in the North–South Dialogue. Work and Inequalities in Post-Covid Capitalism] (pp. 263–292). Unesp.
European Commission (2025, March 18). Commission Unveils the White Paper for European Defence and the ReArm Europe Plan/Readiness 2030. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_25_793
Horkheimer, M. (1982). Critical Theory. Seabury Press.
Horowitz, J. M., Igielnik, R & Kochhar, R. (2020, January 9). Trends in Income and Wealth Inequality. Pew Research Center. Online: https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2020/01/09/trends-in-incomeand-wealth-inequality/
Löwy, M. (1989). Weber against Marx? The Polemic with Historical Materialism in the Protestant Ethic. Science and Society, 53(1), 71–83. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/40402936
Marx, K. (1973). Grundrisse. Foundations of the Critique of Political Economy (Rough Draft). Penguin Books. Online: https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1857/grundrisse/ch01.htm#3
Meca, D. S. & Prévos, A. J. M. (1997). Enrique Dussel. The Invention of the Americas. Eclipse of “the Other”
and the Myth of Modernity. Utopian Studies, 8(1), 159–161. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/20719628
Mason, P. (2015, July 17). The End of Capitalism Has Begun. The Guardian. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/17/postcapitalism-end-of-capitalism-begun
Misiaszek, G. & Torres, C. A. (2019). Ecopedagogy: The Missing Chapter of Pedagogy of the Oppressed. In C.
A. Torres (Ed.), The Wiley Handbook of Paulo Freire (pp. 463–488). Wiley. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119236788.ch25
Morrow, R. A. & Torres, C. A. (2013). The State, Social Movements, and Educational Reform. In R. Arnove,
C. A. Torres & S. Franz (Eds.), Comparative Education. The Dialectics of the Global and the Local (pp. 89–112). Rowman and Littlefield.
Nascimento, M., Borges, M. & Brant, F. (1978). O Que Foi Feito de Vera [What Really Happened]. Portuguese lyric [English adaptation: P. Lownds, 2019].
Packer, G. (2025, February 20). The Trump World Order. The Atlantic. Online: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2025/04/trump-maga-national-interest-usaid-destruction/681735/
Picchi, A. (2025, April 9). See the Full List of Reciprocal Tariffs by Country from Trump’s “Liberation Day”
Chart. CBS News. Online: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-reciprocal-tariffs-liberationday-list/
Rampell, C. (2025, April 15). Trump is Killing One of Our Strongest Exports. The Washington Post. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2025/04/15/trump-higher-education-colleges-trade-war
Rosa, H. (2010). Alienation and Acceleration. Towards a Critical Theory of Late-Modern Temporality. NSU Press.
Rosa, H. (2019). Resonance. A Sociology of our Relationship with the World. Polity Press.
Serwer, A. (2021). The Cruelty Is the Point. The Past, Present, and Future of Trump’s America. One World.
Schonberger, J. (2025, April 17). Powell Sees ‘Challenging Scenario’ for Fed if Trump Tariffs Stoke Inflation and Slow Growth. Yahoo! Finance. Online: https://finance.yahoo.com/news/powell-sees-challengingscenario-for-fed-if-trump-tariffs-stoke-inflation-and-slow-growth-173002914.html?guccounter=1
Streeck, W. (2014). How Will Capitalism End? New Left Review, (87), 35–64.
Streeck, W. (2020). Critical Encounters. Capitalism, Democracy, Ideas. Verso Books.
Streeck, W. (2024). Taking Back Control? States and State Systems after Globalism. Transl. B. Fowkes & J. Rahtz. Verso Books.
Tarozzi, M. & Torres, C. A. (2016). Global Citizenship Education and the Crisis of Multiculturalism: Comparative Perspectives. Bloomsbury.
Torres, C. A. (1990). The Politics of Nonformal Education in Latin America. Praeger.
Torres, C. A. (1998). Democracy, Education and Multiculturalism. Dilemmas of Citizenship in a Global World. Rowman and Littlefield.
Torres, C. A. (2009). Education and Neoliberal Globalization. Routledge.
Torres, C. A. (2011). Public Universities and the Neoliberal Common Sense: Seven Iconoclastic Theses.
International Studies in Sociology of Education, 21(3), 177–197. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09620214.2011.616340
Torres, C. A. (2014). First Freire. Early Writings in Social Justice Education. Teachers College Press.
Torres, C. A. (2017). Theoretical and Empirical Foundations of Critical Global Citizenship Education. Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
United Nations (2000). Global Citizenship. Online: https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/globalcitizenship
United Nations (2012). The Global Education First Initiative of UN Secretary General Ban-Ki-moon. Online: https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/pdf/The%20Global%20Education%20First%20Initiative.pdf
United Nations (2015). The Sustainable Development Goals. Online: https://education.cfr.org/learn/reading/sustainable-development-goals#:~:text=The%20UN%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals,set%20out%20in%20the%20MDGs.