object(Publication)#702 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8739) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11281) ["sectionId"]=> int(59) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8614) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(11655) "ALKAHTANI, Hasan – ALDHYANI, Theyazn H. H. (2022): Developing Cybersecurity Systems Based on Machine Learning and Deep Learning Algorithms for Protecting Food Security Systems: Industrial Control Systems. Electronics, 11(11), 1–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics11111717 ARAGONÉS, Mario Lozano – LLOPIS, Israel Pérez – DOMINGO, Manuel Esteve (2023): Threat Hunting Architecture Using a Machine Learning Approach for Critical Infrastructures Protection. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 7(2), 1–26. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc7020065 ASSENZA, Giacomo – FARAMONDI, Luca – OLIVA, Gabriele – SETOLA, Roberto (2020): Cyber Threats for Operational Technologies. International Journal of System of Systems Engineering, 10(2), 128–142. Online: https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSSE.2020.109127 BAEZNER, Marie – ROBIN, Patrice (2017): Hotspot Analysis: Stuxnet. Zürich: Center for Security Studies, 1–16. Online: https://css.ethz.ch/content/dam/ethz/special-interest/gess/cis/center-for-securities-studies/pdfs/Cyber-Reports-2017-04.pdf BAKALOS, Nikolaos – VOULODIMOS, Athanasios – DOULAMIS, Nikolaos – DOULAMIS, Anastasios – OSTFELD, Avi – SALOMONS, Elad – CAUBET, Juan – JIMENEZ, Victor – LI, Pau (2019): Protecting Water Infrastructure from Cyber and Physical Threats: Using Multimodal Data Fusion and Adaptive Deep Learning to Monitor Critical Systems. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 36(2), 36–48. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2018.2885359 BONDADA, Mahesh Babu – BHANU, S. Mary Saira (2014): Analyzing User Behavior Using Keystroke Dynamics to Protect Cloud from Malicious Insiders. 2014 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM), 1–8. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CCEM.2014.7015481 BOOTH, Adrian – DHINGRA, Aman – HEILIGTAG, Sven – NAYFEH, Mahir – WALLANCE, Daniel (2019): Critical Infrastructure Companies and the Global Cybersecurity Threat. New York: McKinsey & Company. Online: https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/mckinsey/business%20functions/risk/our%20insights/critical%20infrastructure%20companies%20and%20the%20global%20cybersecurity%20threat/critical-infrastructure-companies-and-the-global-cybersecurity-threat-vf.pdf?shouldIndex=false BUDŽYS, Arnoldas – KURASOVA, Olga – MEDVEDEV, Viktor (2024): Deep Learning-based Authentication for Insider Threat Detection in Critical Infrastructure. Artificial Intelligence Review, 57(10), 1–35. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-024-10893-1 DARICILI, A. Burak – ÇELIK, Soner (2022): National Security 2.0: The Cyber Security of Critical Infrastructure. Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, 26(2), 259–276. Online: https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2181981 GHAFIR, Ibrahim – SALEEM, Jibran – HAMMOUDEH, Mohammad – FAOUR, Hanan – PRENOSIL, Vaclav – JAF, Sardar – JABBAR, Sohail – BAKER, Thar (2018): Security Threats to Critical Infrastructure: The Human Factor. The Journal of Supercomputing, 74(10), 4986 – 5002. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11227-018-2337-2 HAIG, Zsolt – KOVÁCS, László (2012): Kritikus infrastruktúrák és a kritikus információs infrastruktúrák elleni fenygetettségek, támadások. In VÁNYA, László (ed.): Kritikus infrastruktúrák és kritikus információs infrastruktúrák. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, 92–167. HURST, William – SHONE, Nathan (2024): Critical Infrastructure Security: Cyber-threats, Legacy Systems and Weakening Segmentation. In TEKINERDOGAN, Bedir – AKŞIT, Mehmet – CATAL, Cagatay – HURST, William – ALSKAIF, Tarek (eds.): Management and Engineering of Critical Infrastructures. Cambridge, Mass.: Academic Press, 265–286. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99330-2.00010-6 ISC2 (2024): ISC2 Cybersecurity Workforce Study. Alexandria: ISC2. Online: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/internationf173-xmc4e73-prodbc0f-9660/media/Project/ISC2/Main/Media/documents/research/2024-ISC2-WFS.pdf ISACA (2024): State of Cybersecurity 2024. Global Update on Workforce Efforts, Resources, and Cyberoperations. Schaumburg: ISACA. Online: https://www.isaca.org/resources/reports/state-of-cybersecurity-2024 JERMALAVIČIUS, Tomas – RÕIGAS, Henry – SUKHODOLIA, Oleksandr – TEPERIK, Dmitri (2025): The Staying Power of Ukrainian Lights. Lessons of Wartime Resilience of the Electricity Sector. Tallinn: International Centre for Defence and Security. Online: https://icds.ee/wp-content/uploads/dlm_uploads/2025/05/ICDS_Report_The_Staying_Power_of_Ukrainian_Lights_Jermalavicius_Roigas_Sukhodolia_Teperik_May_2025.pdf LESZCZYNA, Rafal – EGOZCUE, Elyoenai (2013): ENISA Study: Challenges in Securing Industrial Control Systems. In LAING, Christopher – BADII, Atta – VICKERS, Paul (eds.): Securing Critical Infrastructures and Critical Control Systems. Approaches for Threat Protection. Hershey: IGI Global, 105–143. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2659-1.ch005 LI, Ziyang – DUTTA, Saikat – NAIK, Mayur (2025): LLM-Assisted Static Analysis for Detecting Security Vulnerabilities. ArXiv, 1–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.17238 LOUKAS, George (2015): Cyber-Physical Attacks. A Growing Invisible Threat. Newton: Butterworth-Heinemann. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-801290-1.00011-4 MARKEVYCH, Michal – DAWSON, Maurice (2023): A Review of Enhancing Intrusion Detection Systems for Cybersecurity Using Artificial Intelligence (AI). International Conference, The Knowledge-Based Organization, 29(3), 30–37. Online: https://doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2023-0072 MESADIEU, Frantzy – TORRE, Damiano – CHENNAMANENI, Anitha (2024): Leveraging Deep Reinforcement Learning Technique for Intrusion Detection in SCADA Infrastructure. IEEE Access, 12, 63381–63399. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3390722 MITRE Corporation (2024a): Industroyer. Online: https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0604/ MITRE Corporation (2024b): Triton. Online: https://attack.mitre.org/software/S1009/ MITRE Corporation (2025): Stuxnet. Online: https://attack.mitre.org/software/S0603/ OSEI-KYEI, Robert – TAM, Vivian – MA, Mingxue – MASHIRI, Fidelis (2021): Critical Review of the Threats Affecting the Building of Critical Infrastructure Resilience. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 60, 1–11. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102316 PALLETI, Venkata Reddy – ADEPU, Sridhar – MISHRA, Vishrut Kumar – MATHUR, Aditya (2021): Cascading Effects of Cyber-attacks on Interconnected Critical Infrastructure. Cybersecurity, 4, 1–19. Online: https://doi.org/10.1186/s42400-021-00071-z PINTO, Andrea – HERRERA, Luis-Carlos – DONOSO, Yezid – GUTIERREZ, Jairo A. (2023): Survey on Intrusion Detection Systems Based on Machine Learning Techniques for the Protection of Critical Infrastructure. Sensors, 23(5), 1–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23052415 PINTO, Andrea – HERRERA, Luis-Carlos – DONOSO, Yezid – GUTIERREZ, Jairo A. (2024): Enhancing Critical Infrastructure Security: Unsupervised Learning Approaches for Anomaly Detection. International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems, 17, 1–18. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44196-024-00644-z LIS, Piotr – MENDEL, Jacob (2019): Cyberattacks on Critical Infrastructure: An Economic Perspective. Economics and Business Review, 5(2), 24–47. Online: https://doi.org/10.18559/ebr.2019.2.2 RAGSDALE, Jarrod – BOPPANA, Rajendra V. (2023): On Designing Low-Risk Honeypots Using Generative Pre-Trained Transformer Models with Curated Inputs. IEEE Access, 11, 117528–117545. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3326104 RIGGS, Hugo – TUFAIL, Shahid – PARVEZ, Imtiaz – TARIQ, Mohd – KHAN, Mohammed Aquib – AMIR, Asham – VUDA, Kedari Vineetha – SARWAT, Arif I. (2023): Impact, Vulnerabilities, and Mitigation Strategies for Cyber-Secure Critical Infrastructure. Sensors, 23(8), 1–26. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/s23084060 ROUZBAHANI, Hossein Mohammadi – KARIMIPOUR, Hadis – RAHIMNEJAD, Abolfazl – DEHGHANTANHA, Ali – SRIVASTAVA, Gautam (2020): Anomaly Detection in Cyber-Physical Systems Using Machine Learning. In CHOO, Kim-Kwang Raymond – DEHGHANTANHA, Ali (eds.): Handbook of Big Data Privacy. Cham: Springer, 219–235. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-38557-6_10 SAMPEDRO, Carlos – MARTINEZ, Carol – CHAUHAN, Aneesh – CAMPOY, Pascual (2014): A Supervised Approach to Electric Tower Detection and Classification for Power Line Inspection. 2014 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 1970–1977. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN.2014.6889836 SHAN, Ali – MYEONG, Seunghwan (2024): Proactive Threat Hunting in Critical Infrastructure Protection through Hybrid Machine Learning Algorithm Application. Sensors, 24(15), 1–24. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/s24154888 SMERIGA, Juraj – JIRSIK, Tomas (2019): Behavior-Aware Network Segmentation Using IP Flows. 14th International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES 2019), 1–9. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3339252.3339265 STATTELMANN, Stefan – BIALLAS, Sebastian – SCHLICH, Bastian – KOWALEWSKI, Stefan (2014): Applying Static Code Analysis on Industrial Controller Code. 2014 IEEE Emerging Technology and Factory Automation (ETFA), 1–4. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ETFA.2014.7005254 TABANSKY, Lior (2011): Critical Infrastructure Protection against Cyber Threats. Military and Strategic Affairs, 3(2), 61–78. Online: https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/systemfiles/(FILE)1326273687.pdf VÁVRA, Jan – HROMADA, Martin – LUKÁŠ, Luděk – DWORZECKI, Jacek (2021): Adaptive Anomaly Detection System Based on Machine Learning Algorithms in an Industrial Control Environment. International Journal of Critical Infrastructure Protection, 34, 1–11. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcip.2021.100446 WANG, Jingjing – HUANG, Minhuan – NIE, Yuanping – LI, Jin (2021): Static Analysis of Source Code Vulnerability Using Machine Learning Techniques: A Survey. 2021 4th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Big Data (ICAIBD), 76–86. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIBD51990.2021.9459075 WANG, Weiping – YANG, Saini – HU, Fuyu – STANLEY, H. Eugene – HE, Shuai – SHI, Mimi (2018): An Approach for Cascading Effects within Critical Infrastructure Systems. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 510, 164–177. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.06.129 WANG, Xuebin – TAN, Qingfeng – SHI, Jinqiao – SU, Shen – WANG, Meiqi (2018): Insider Threat Detection Using Characterizing User Behavior. 2018 IEEE Third International Conference on Data Science in Cyberspace (DSC), 476–482. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/DSC.2018.00077 WILSON, Clay (2014): Cyber Threats to Critical Information Infrastructure. In CHEN, Thomas M. – JARVIS, Lee – MACDONALD, Stuart (eds.): Cyberterrorism. New York: Springer, 123–136. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0962-9_7 ZHANG, Mu – CHEN, Chien-Ying – KAO, Bin-Chou – QAMSANE, Yassine – SHAO, Yuru – LIN, Yikai – SHI, Elaine – MOHAN, Sibin – BARTON, Kira – MOYNE, James – MAO, Z. Morley (2019): Towards Automated Safety Vetting of PLC Code in Real-World Plants. 2019 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 522–538. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/SP.2019.00034 ZONOUZ, Saman – RRUSHI, Julian – MCLAUGHLIN, Stephen (2014): Detecting Industrial Control Malware Using Automated PLC Code Analytics. IEEE Security & Privacy, 12(6), 40–47. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/MSP.2014.113" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(4) "5-24" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.1" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1093) "

Critical infrastructures are vital to the functioning of modern societies but are increasingly exposed to sophisticated cyber threats due to heightened convergence of information technology and operational technology environments. The inherent complexity and presence of legacy components within these systems significantly expand the attack surface, making traditional security measures insufficient. This work analyses the evolving threat landscape facing critical infrastructures and presents a comprehensive assessment of cognitive computing-based countermeasures. Emphasising recent advances in cognitive computing, the article explores adaptive defence mechanisms capable of evolving alongside emerging threats. The analysis highlights the effectiveness and limitations of these approaches, their applicability within cyber-physical systems, and their potential to bridge gaps between IT and OT security. Ultimately, the research underscores the importance of integrating these techniques into cybersecurity strategies to enhance the resilience of critical infrastructure systems.

" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(101) "Analysing Cognitive-Computing-Based Countermeasures to Cyber Threats against Critical Infrastructures" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(17) "Griffiths Dániel" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#739 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11281) ["email"]=> string(30) "danieljgriffiths.hgl@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8739) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(9) "Griffiths" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "Griffiths" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Dániel" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Dániel" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(77) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:51:"Óbudai Egyetem Biztonságtudományi Doktori Iskola";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(16) "Machine learning" [1]=> string(23) "critical infrastructure" [2]=> string(22) "cyber-physical systems" [3]=> string(19) "cognitive computing" [4]=> string(13) "cybersecurity" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#752 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47697) ["id"]=> int(6929) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8739) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#750 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8697) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11225) ["sectionId"]=> int(59) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(8572) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(9721) "ABBADI, Driss – LACHKAR, Abdelkader (2024): Cyber Threats in the Age of Artificial Intelligence: Exploiting Advanced Technologies and Strengthening Cybersecurity. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 13(1), 2576–2588. Online: https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.13.1.1961 ABOZE, John B. (2025): A Comprehensive Guide to Data Exfiltration. Lakera, 21 May 2025. Online: https://www.lakera.ai/blog/data-exfiltration AL-AZZAWI, Mays – DOAN, Dung – SIPOLA, Tuomo – HAUTAMÄKI, Jari – KOKKONEN, Teri (2025): Red Teaming with Artificial Intelligence-Driven Cyberattacks: A Scoping Review. ArXiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2503.19626 ANDERSON, Hyrum S. – WOODBRIDGE, Jonathan – FILAR, Bobby (2016): DeepDGA: Adversarially-Tuned Domain Generation and Detection. Proceedings of the 2016 ACM Workshop on Artificial Intelligence and Security, 13–21. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/2996758.2996767 Anthropic (2025): Disrupting the First Reported AI-orchestrated Cyber Espionage Campaign. Online: https://www.anthropic.com/news/disrupting-AI-espionage BABAEI, Reza – CHENG, Samuel – DUAN, Rui – ZHAO, Shangqing (2025): Generative Artificial Intelligence and the Evolving Challenge of Deepfake Detection: A Systematic Analysis. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 14(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/jsan14010017 BOUTIN, Jean-Ian (2025): ESET APT Activity Report Q2 2025 – Q3 2025. Online: https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/eset-research/eset-apt-activity-report-q2-2025-q3-2025/ CHEREPANOV, Anton – STRÝČEK, Peter (2025): First Known AI-powered Ransomware Uncovered by ESET Research. Online: https://www.welivesecurity.com/en/ransomware/first-known-ai-powered-ransomware-uncovered-eset-research/ CRICHTON, Kyle et al. (2024): Securing Critical Infrastructure in the Age of AI. Center for Security and Emerging Technology. Online: https://doi.org/10.51593/20240032 CrowdStrike (2025): CrowdStrike 2025 Global Threat Report. Online: https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/resources/infographics/global-threat-report-2025/ Darktrace (2024): Navigating a New Threat Landscape: Breaking Down the AI Kill Chain. Online: https://www.darktrace.com/resources/navigating-a-new-threat-landscape DE PASQUALE, Giulio – GRISHCHENKO, Ilya – IESARI, Riccardo – PIZZARO, Gabriel – CAVALLARO, Lorenzo – KRUEGEL, Christopher – VIGNA, Giovanni (2024): ChainReactor: Automated Privilege Escalation Chain Discovery via AI Planning. Online: https://www.usenix.org/system/files/usenixsecurity24-de-pasquale.pdf DILMEGANI, Cem (2026): AI Data Quality in 2026: Challenges & Best Practices. AIMultiple, 27 March 2026. Online: https://research.aimultiple.com/data-quality-ai/ ERDÉSZ, Viktor (2023): A mesterséges intelligencia alkalmazása a katonai nemzetbiztonsági hírszerzésben [The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Military and National Security Intelligence]. Budapest: Katonai Nemzetbiztonsági Szolgálat. European Union Agency for Law Enforcement Cooperation (2025): IOCTA. Internet Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2025. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. Online: https://doi.org/10.2813/4926508 FRISONI, Daniele (2020): Potential Impact of Artificial Intelligence to C2 Systems. Joint Air Power Competence Centre. Online: https://www.japcc.org/essays/potential-impact-of-artificial-intelligence-to-c2-systems/ GIL, Luis – WILLIAMS, Beth (2025): AI vs. AI: The Race Between Adversarial and Defensive Intelligence. CrowdStrike, 4 August 2025. Online: https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/ai-vs-ai-cybersecurity-arms-race/ HOLDEN, Alex (2023): Contending with Artificially Intelligent Ransomware. ISACA, 1 September 2023. Online: https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/isaca-now-blog/2023/contending-with-artificially-intelligent-ransomware HUMPHRIES, Russ (2026): The Dark Side: How Threat Actors Are Using AI. Connect Wise, 3 March 2026. Online: https://www.connectwise.com/blog/the-dark-side-how-threat-actors-are-using-ai IProov (2023): Understanding the Different Types of Generative AI Deepfake Attacks. iProov, 30 November 2023. Online: https://www.iproov.com/blog/generative-ai-attack-types-explained ITszótár.hu (2025): Metamorf és polimorf kártevők: Ezen kártékony szoftverek működésének magyarázata [Metamorphic and Polymorphic Malware: An Explanation of How this Malicious Software Works]. ITszótár.hu, 15 May 2025. Online: https://itszotar.hu/metamorf-es-polimorf-kartevok-ezen-kartekony-szoftverek-mukodesenek-magyarazata/ JAIN, Anu – CHHABRA, Gurpal S. (2014). Anti-Forensics Techniques: An Analytical Review. 2014 Seventh International Conference on Contemporary Computing (IC3), 412–418. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/IC3.2014.6897209 KEWAT, Rajnish (2025): What Are AI-Generated Rootkits and How Do They Threaten Enterprise Systems? Cyber Security Training Institute, 8 August 2025. Online: https://www.cybersecurityinstitute.in/blog/what-are-ai-generated-rootkits-and-how-do-they-threaten-enterprise-systems LEE, Junho – KWON, Jihoon – SEO, HyunA – LEE, Myeongyeol – SEO, Hyungyu – JUNG, Jinho – KOO, Hyungjoon (2025): BootKitty: A Stealthy Bootkit-Rootkit Against Modern Operating Systems. Online: https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot25/presentation/lee Lockheed Martin (s. a.): Cyber Kill Chain. Online: https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/capabilities/cyber/cyber-kill-chain.html Mailchimp (s. a.): AI as a Service: The Latest Business Model. Online: https://mailchimp.com/resources/ai-as-a-service/ MATEJIC, Nicole – WILSON, Chris (2024): Crimes of Influence: Generative Artificial Intelligence-led Crime as a Service. The Commonwealth Cyber Journal, 2, 75–95. Microsoft Security (2025): What Is the Cyber Kill Chain? Online: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/security/business/security-101/what-is-cyber-kill-chain MORAES, Marco Túlio (2025): AI Agents: The New Frontier of Cybercrime Business Must Confront. World Economic Forum, 18 June 2025. Online: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2025/06/ai-agent-cybercrime-business/ PAPPACHAN, Princy – ADI, Novi S. – FIRMANSYAH, Gerry – RAHAMAN, Mosiur (2024): Deep Learning-Based Forensics and Anti-Forensics. In ABD EL-LATIF, Ahmed A. – TAWALBEH, Lo’ai – MOHANTY, Manoranjan – GUPTA, Brij B. – PSANNIS, Konstantinos E. (eds.): Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime Investigation. Boca Raton: CRC Press. POWELL, Evan (2025): Invisible C2 – Thanks to AI-powered Techniques. Deep Tempo, 14 March 2025. Online: https://medium.com/deeptempo/invisible-c2-thanks-to-ai-powered-techniques-462ef2624c8a PRASAD, Nilantha – DIRO, Abebe – WARREN, Matthew – FERNANDO, Mahesh (2025): A Survey of Cyber Threat Attribution: Challenges, Techniques, and Future Directions. Computers & Security, 157. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2025.104606 RAGHO, Soni R. – CHAUDHARI, Narendra (2025): Artificial Intelligence in Digital Forensics: A Review of Cyber-Attack Detection Models and Frameworks. Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management, 10(57s). Online: https://jisem-journal.com/index.php/journal/article/view/12402 RAZ, Md – UDESHI, Meet – CHARAN, Sai P. V. – KRISHNAMURTHY, Prashanth – KHORRAMI, Farshad – KARRI, Ramesh (2025): Ransomware 3.0: Self-Composing and LLM-Orchestrated. Arxiv. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.20444 Sangfor Technologies (2025): AI DDoS: How Artificial Intelligence Is Changing the Face of Cyber Attacks. Sangfor, 9 September 2025. Online: https://www.sangfor.com/blog/cybersecurity/ai-ddos-attacks SCHIPPERS, Raymond (2025): AI 2030: The Coming Era of Autonomous Cyber Crime. Check Point, 24 October 2025. Online: https://blog.checkpoint.com/executive-insights/ai-2030-the-coming-era-of-autonomous-cyber-crime/ SCHRÖER, Saskia L. – PAJOLA, Luca – CASTAGNARO, Alberto – APRUZZESE, Giovanni – CONTI, Mauro (2025): Exploiting AI for Attacks: On the Interplay between Adversarial AI and Offensive AI. ArXiv. Online: https://arxiv.org/html/2506.12519 TEJEDOR, Jesús (2025): A Dangerous Alliance: The new Dark Web + AI Marketplace. Telefónica, 5 June 2025. Online: https://telefonicatech.com/en/blog/a-dangerous-alliance-how-ai-is-reshaping-the-dark-web-economy TIMILEHIN, Oladoja (2023): Defending the Digital Horizon: Artificial Intelligence in Cybersecurity Warfare. TOULAS, Bill (2025): LameHug Malware Uses AI LLM to Craft Windows Data-theft Commands in Real-time. Bleeping Computer, 17 July 2025. Online: https://www.bleepingcomputer.com/news/security/lamehug-malware-uses-ai-llm-to-craft-windows-data-theft-commands-in-real-time/ TRINCKES, Jay (s. a.): AI Data Breach: Understanding their Impact and Protecting Your Data. Thoropass. Online: https://www.thoropass.com/blog/ai-data-breach UTTER, Jamison (2024): The Machine War Has Begun: Cybercriminals Leveraging AI in DDoS Attacks. A10 Networks, 24 September 2024. Online: https://www.a10networks.com/blog/the-machine-war-has-begun-cybercriminals-leveraging-ai-in-ddos-attacks/ WANG, Yulong – SUN, Tong – LI, Shenghong – YUAN, Xin – NI, Wei – HOSSAIN, Ekram – POOR, Vincent H. (2023): Adversarial Attacks and Defenses in Machine Learning-Empowered Communication Systems and Networks: A Contemporary Survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 25(4), 2245–2298. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2023.3319492 WANG, Zhi – LIU, Chaoge – CUI, Xiang – YIN, Jie – LIU, Jiaxi – WU, DI – LIU, Qixu (2022): DeepC2: AI-Powered Covert Command and Control on OSNs. In ALCARAZ, Cristina – CHEN, Liqun – LI, Shujun – SAMARATI, Pierangela (eds.): Information and Communications Security. Cham: Springer, 394–414. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15777-6_22" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "25-39" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.2" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(1171) "

The first part of the series of articles provided a basic understanding of the fundamental concepts of artificial intelligence and its relevant subfields, and demonstrated that the Cyber Kill Chain (CKC) model is suitable for achieving the main objective of the article, despite all its limitations, i.e. it can be used to review what AI-supported tools attackers
can already use in the various phases of a cyberattack and how these tools help them. The
second part of the series examined the latter in phases 1–4 of the CKC, while this article, the third part of the series, shows how attackers can use AI in the last three plus one phases of the CKC and how it helps them achieve their goals. In addition, this article highlights the challenges attackers face when using AI and presents the trends that can be observed in cyberattacks. Finally, this article makes recommendations for the direction of further research, namely, to examine the possibilities of using AI-supported defence solutions in the individual phases of CKC and to compare the possibilities of the attacking and defending sides in order to develop effective response capabilities.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(77) "Phases 5– 7 (+1) of the Cyber Kill Chain Model, Challenges, Trends, Outlook" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(58) "The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Cyberattacks, Part 3" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Kovács Zoltán" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#787 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11225) ["email"]=> string(20) "zkovacs.24@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8697) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Kovács" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kovács" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(8) { [0]=> string(23) "artificial intelligence" [1]=> string(13) "cybersecurity" [2]=> string(11) "cyberattack" [3]=> string(16) "Cyber Kill Chain" [4]=> string(2) "C2" [5]=> string(33) "maintaining a persistent presence" [6]=> string(12) "exfiltration" [7]=> string(17) "system disruption" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#790 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47698) ["id"]=> int(6930) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8697) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#775 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8754) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11305) ["sectionId"]=> int(59) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(8629) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(8899) "BARRETT, Michael (2024): Denmark Was Disrupted on Friday by a Global IT Outage Connected to a Glitched Windows Software Update, as the Effects of the Outage Rippled across Europe. The Local, 19 July 2024. Online: https://www.thelocal.dk/20240719/how-is-global-it-outage-affecting-denmark#:~:text=Danish%20rail%20operator%20DSB's%20website%20is%20down,as%20the%20effects%20of%20the%20outage%20rippled BASIT AJMAL, Abdul – KHAN, Shawal – JABEEN, Farhana (2022): Defeating Modern Day Anti-Viruses for Defense Evaluation. 2022 International Conference on Frontiers of Information Technology, 255–260. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/FIT57066.2022.00054 BHARGAVA, Amit Kumar (2024): Cybersecurity in Aerospace: A Military Perspective. Blue Yonder, 1(1). Online: https://journals.capsindia.org/index.php/byj/article/view/48/47 BOVENZI, Antonio – LOPEZ, Javier Alonso – YAMADA, Hiroshi – RUSSO, Stefano – TRIVEDI, Kishor S. (2013): Towards Fast OS Rejuvenation: An Experimental Evaluation of Fast OS Reboot Techniques. 2013 IEEE 24th International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, 61–70. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISSRE.2013.6698905 COULTER, Martin (2024): CrowdStrike Chaos Could Prompt Rethink among Investors, Customers. Reuters, 20 July 2024. Online: https://www.reuters.com/technology/cybersecurity/crowdstrike-chaos-could-prompt-rethink-among-investors-customers-2024-07-19/ CrowdStrike (2024): Preliminary Post Incident Review (PIR): Content Configuration Update Impacting the Falcon Sensor and the Windows Operating System (BSOD). CrowdStrike, 24 July 2024. Online: https://www.crowdstrike.com/en-us/blog/falcon-content-update-preliminary-post-incident-report/ Cyble (2020): Cyble SFO Struck by a Web Compromise. Cyber News, 13 April 2020. Online: https://cyble.com/blog/sfo-struck-by-a-web-compromise/ DOS SANTOS, Caio A. R. – MATIAS, Rivalino Jr. (2017): An Empirical Study on Patterns of Failure Causes in a Mass-market Operating System. Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, 1542–1547. Online: https://doi.org/10.1145/3019612.3019740 DOS SANTOS, Caio A. R. – PRINCE, Marcela A. – MATIAS, Rivalino Jr. – FONSECA MACIEL, Vinicius (2018): Reliability Assessment of Commercial Off-the-shelf Operating System Software: An Empirical Study. Brazilian Symposium on Computing Systems Engineering, 201–206. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/SBESC.2018.00038 ENISA (2023): ENISA Threat Landscape 2021–2022. Online: https://doi.org/10.2824/553997 ENISA (2024): ENISA Threat Landscape 2024. Online: https://doi.org/10.2824/0710888 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) (2024): After Action Report on January 2023 Notice to Air Missions Database Failure. Online: https://www.governmentattic.org/55docs/FAAaarJan2023NTAMdbfail2023.pdf HAIG, Zsolt – KOVÁCS, László (2012): Kritikus infrastruktúrák és kritikus információs infrastruktúrák [Critical Infrastructures and Critical Information Infrastructures]. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem. Online: https://hhk.uni-nke.hu/document/hhk-uni-nke-hu/kovasz-tanulmany.pdf HALLIWELL, Jeff – CHAMBERS, Sarah – CROPPER, Phil – FOULSHAM, Mark (2024): Independent Review of NATS (En Route) Plc’s Flight Planning System Failure on 28 August 2023. Online: https://www.caa.co.uk/publication/download/23337 HUNORFI, Péter – PARÁDA, István – FARKAS, Tibor (2024): Kiberbiztonsági kihívások a légi közlekedésben – Kronológiai folyamat a Boeing elleni kibertámadások tükrében [Cybersecurity Issues in Aviation – Timeline of Cyber Crimes against Boeing]. Hadmérnök, 19(1), 101–120. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2024.1.6 ICAO (2025): Doc 10213 — Unrestricted. Global Cyber Risk Considerations. Online: https://www.icao.int/sites/default/files/sp-files/aviationcybersecurity/Documents/Doc-10213-Unedited-Global-Cyber-Risk-Considerations.EN_.pdf JOHNSON, Chris W. (2013): Lessons from Major Incidents Influencing and Influenced by Telecoms Failures. In THÉRON, Paul – BOLOGNA, Sandro (eds.): Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and Resilience in the ICT Sector. Hershey: IGI Global, 61–92. Online: https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2964-6.ch004 JOLLY, Jasper (2019): Passenger Anger as Tens of Thousands Hit by BA Systems Failure. The Guardian, 7 August 2019. Online: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/aug/07/british-airways-it-glitch-causes-disruption-for-passengers-delays LUCAS, Rebecca – EKSTRÖM, Thomas – FUSARO, Paola – HASTINGS ROER, Elizabeth – RETTER, Lucia (2024): Toward Defense Supply Chain Disruption Management. A Research Agenda for Defense Supply Chain Resilience. RAND Research Report. Online: https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RRA2500/RRA2504-1/RAND_RRA2504-1.pdf MCCREIGHT, Robert (2019): Grid Collapse Security, Stability and Vulnerability Issues: Impactful Issues Affecting Nuclear Power Plants, Chemical Plants and Natural Gas Supply Systems. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management, 16(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1515/jhsem-2018-0021 NOË, Nyala – TUZOVIC, Emina – MCARTHUR, Frederik S. – THOMPSON CARROLL, Angus (2021): Improving Loss Prevention in High Hazard Industries Through the Evaluation of Safety Culture and Error Traps from Structured and Unstructured Data Using Machine Learning. Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series, (168). Online: https://www.icheme.org/media/27736/hazards-31-paper-40-noe.pdf NOLEN, Billy (2023): The Federal Aviation Administration’s NOTAM System Failure and its Impacts on a Resilient National Airspace. Statement of Billy Nolen, Acting Administrator Federal Aviation Administration Hearing before the United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation Notice to Air Missions System, February 15, 2023. Online: https://www.transportation.gov/federal-aviation-administrations-notam-system-failure-and-its-impacts-resilient-national-airspace NOWAKOWSKI, Tomasz – MŁYŃCZAK, Marek – JODEJKO-PIETRUCZUK, Anna – WERBIŃSKA-WOJCIECHOWSKA, Sylwia eds. (2015): Safety and Reliability. Methodology and Applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press. Online: https://doi.org/10.1201/b17399 PAGANINI, Pierluigi (2025): Safepay Ransomware Group Claims the Hack of Professional Video Surveillance Provider Xortec. Security Affairs, 26 October 2025. Online: https://securityaffairs.com/183868/malware/safepay-ransomware-group-claims-the-hack-of-professional-video-surveillance-provider-xortec.html PARÁDA, István – TÓTH, András (2024): A NATO katonai légi szállítási képességek kibervédelmi aspektusai [Cybersecurity Challenges for NATO Military Air Transport Operations]. Hadmérnök, 19(4), 167–182. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2024.4.12 PINHEIRO, Ricardo – LIMA, Sidney – FERNANDES, Sergio – SILVA, Sthéfano H. M. T. (2019): Next Generation Antivirus Applied to Jar Malware Detection Based on Runtime Behaviors Using Neural Networks. 2019 IEEE 23rd International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, 28–32. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CSCWD.2019.8791864 ROCKWELL, Mark (2019): Software Bug Caused CBP Airport System Outage. FCW, 19 August 2019. Online: https://www.nextgov.com/modernization/2019/08/software-bug-caused-cbp-airport-system-outage/210982/ ROSMAN, Rebecca (2024): Disruptions Continue after an IT Outage Affects Millions around the Globe. NPR, 20 July 2024. Online: https://www.npr.org/2024/07/20/g-s1-12487/crowdstrike-microsoft-outage-update SUNDARAM, Mani (2021): Akamai Summarizes Service Disruption. Akamai, 22 July 2021. Online: https://www.akamai.com/blog/news/akamai-summarizes-service-disruption-resolved Thales (2025): Aviation Sector Sees 600% Year-on-year Increase in Cyberattacks. Online: https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/news-centre/press-releases/aviation-sector-sees-600-year-year-increase-cyberattacks TRAYNOR, Orlaith (2025): The Global Impact of Aviation Cyberattacks. Online: https://cybelangel.com/blog/the-global-impact-of-aviation-cyberattacks/ UKWANDU, Elochukwu – BEN-FARAH, Mohamed A. – HINDY, Hanan – BURES, Miroslav – ATKINSON, Robert – TACHTATZIS, Christos – ANDONOVIC, Ivan – BELLEKENS, Xavier (2022): Cyber-Security Challenges in Aviation Industry: A Review of Current and Future Trends. Information, 13(3). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/info13030146 WESTON, David (2024): Helping our Customers through the CrowdStrike Outage. Official Microsoft Blog, 20 July 2024. Online: https://blogs.microsoft.com/blog/2024/07/20/helping-our-customers-through-the-crowdstrike-outage/ ZANNI, John (2018): Ransomware Attack against Bristol Airport Shows Need for Smart, Secure Digital Infrastructure in Transportation. Acronis, 19 September 2018. Online: https://www.acronis.com/en/blog/posts/ransomware-attack-against-bristol-airport-shows-need-smart-secure-digital-infrastructure/" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "41-55" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.3" ["abstract"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(811) "

This paper examines the intersection between civilian aviation cyber incidents and military
logistics resilience, focusing on the systemic implications of the 2024 CrowdStrike global outage. Between 2018 and 2025, a series of airport IT and cybersecurity failures – ranging from ransomware to defence software malfunctions – exposed the vulnerabilities of dualuse infrastructures that serve both civil and military air mobility. The 2024 CrowdStrike event, which disrupted millions of systems worldwide, revealed the operational fragility of shared digital dependencies in air logistics networks. Drawing on data from FAA, ICAO and ENISA, this analysis identifies key lessons for defence logistics planners and cybersecurity policymakers seeking to enhance resilience against cascading failures.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(22) "The CrowdStrike Outage" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(44) "Cyber Disruptions in Aviation Infrastructure" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Paráda István" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#791 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11305) ["email"]=> string(22) "paradaistvan@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8754) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Paráda" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Paráda" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "István" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "István" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "en_US" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(22) "aviation cybersecurity" [1]=> string(20) "CrowdStrike incident" [2]=> string(5) "ENISA" [3]=> string(4) "NATO" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#800 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47699) ["id"]=> int(6931) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "en_US" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8754) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#798 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8852) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11440) ["sectionId"]=> int(59) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(8727) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5767) "- 2021. évi CXL. törvény a honvédelemről és a Magyar Honvédségről. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a2100140.tv - 2024. évi LXIX. törvény Magyarország kiberbiztonságáról. Online: https://net.jogtar.hu/jogszabaly?docid=a2400069.tv BALOGH Péter (2025): Kibertérbeli műveletek 2016-ot követően – A kiberhadviselés mintázatai, trendjei, szereplői és kapcsolódásaik. Hadtudomány, 35(E-szám). Online: https://doi.org/10.17047/Hadtud.2025.35.E.1 BENCSIK, András – KARPIUK, Mirosław (2023): The Legal Status of the Cyberarmy in Hungary and Poland. Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 11(2), 19–31. Online: https://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.ojs-doi-10_35467_cal_174696 BOEKE, Sergei – HEINL, Caitríona – VEENENDAAL, Matthijs A. (2018): Civil-Military Relations & International Military Cooperation in Cyber Security: Common Challenges & State Practices Across Asia and Europe. In MAYBAUM, M. – OSULA, A.-M. – LINDSTRÖM, L. (szerk.): 2015 7th International Conference on Cyber Conflict. Tallinn: CCD COE. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/CYCON.2015.7158469 BONNYAI Tünde – KISS Adrienn – TÓTH András (2023): Nagyvállalati biztonságtudatosság és nyílt forrású információszerzés. Kiber- és információbiztonsági tanulmányok. Budapest: Ludovika. Online: https://doi.org/10.36250/01170_00 CLARKE, Richard A. – KNAKE, Robert K. (2019): The Fifth Domain. New York: Penguin. DEIBERT, Ronald J. (2003): Black Code: Censorship, Surveillance and the Militarization of Cyberspace. Journal of International Studies, 15(2), 33–56. Online: https://thesociologycenter.com/supscibiblog/BlackCode.pdf ERTAN, Amy et al. szerk. (2020): Cyber Threats and NATO 2030: Horizon Scanning and Analysis. Tallinn: CCD COE. Online: https://ccdcoe.org/uploads/2020/12/Cyber-Threats-and-NATO-2030_Horizon-Scanning-and-Analysis.pdf HAIG Zsolt (2023): A kibertéri műveletek fejlődése: a számítógép-hálózati műveletektől a kibertéri befolyásolásig. In KRASZNAY Csaba (szerk.): Taktikák és stratégiák a kiberhadviselésben. Budapest: Ludovika, 41–60. Online: https://tudasportal.uni-nke.hu/xmlui/handle/20.500.12944/102124?key=Kiberv%C3%A9delem%20%C3%A9s%20nemzetbiztons%C3%A1g%20kiss HUNORFI, Péter – FARKAS, Tibor (2025): Cybersecurity of Operational Technology in Critical Infrastructures. Belügyi Szemle, 73(1Ksz.), 183–197. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2025.v73.i1SI.pp183-197 KOVÁCS László (2020): A kiberbiztonság és a kiberműveletek megjelenése Magyarország új Nemzeti Biztonsági Stratégiájában. Honvédségi Szemle, 148(5), 12–34. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/125811/1/HSZ_2020_148_5_Kovacs_Laszlo.pdf KRASZNAY, Csaba – HÁMORNIK, Balázs Péter (2019): Human Factors Approach to Cybersecurity Teamwork – The Military Perspective. Advances in Military Technology, 14(2), 291–305. Online: https://doi.org/10.3849/aimt.01296 KRASZNAY, Csaba (2024): Hacktivists, Proxy Groups, Cyber Volunteers. Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science, 23(3), 107–124. Online: https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2024.3.6 KOTT, Alexander et al. (2018): Approaches to Enhancing Cyber Resilience (NATO workshop report). arXiv preprint arXiv:1804.07651. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1804.07651 NATO Standardization Office (2025): Standard AJP-3.19. Allied Joint Doctrine For Civil-Military Cooperation ED B V1. Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/685a8bdce9509f1a908eb108/AJP_3_19_EdB_CIMIC.pdf NATO's Strategic Warfare Development Command (2025): Strengthening Civil-Military Cooperation: The Role of NATO’s Civil-Military Cooperation Centre of Excellence. Online: https://www.act.nato.int/article/cimic-coe-2025/ NATO Standardization Office (2020): Allied Joint Publication-3.20. Allied Joint Doctrine for Cyberspace Operations. Online: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5f086ec4d3bf7f2bef137675/doctrine_nato_cyberspace_operations_ajp_3_20_1_.pdf NATO CIMIC Centre of Excellence (2025a): CIMIC in the Cyberspace Domain: Fact Sheet. Online: https://www.cimic-coe.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/20250303-uc-ccoe-factsheet-cyberspace-final.pdf NATO CIMIC Centre of Excellence (2025b): CIMIC Case Studies. Online: https://www.cimic-coe.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/acaCIMICs_Case-Studies.pdf NATO CIMIC Centre of Excellence (2025c): CIMIC Handbook 2.1 NATO CIMIC. Online: https://www.cimic-coe.org/handbook-entries/welcome-to-the-cimic-handbook/ii-fundamentals/2-1-nato-cimic/ RESPERGER István – KISS Álmos Péter – SOMKUTI Bálint (2014): Aszimmetrikus hadviselés a modern korban. Kis háborúk nagy hatással. Budapest: Zrínyi. SCHMITT, Michael N. szerk. (2017): Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Operations. Cambridge University Press. Online: https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/tallinn-manual-20-on-the-international-law-applicable-to-cyber-operations/E4FFD83EA790D7C4C3C28FC9CA2FB6C9 SZÁDECZKY, Tamás (2018): Cybersecurity Authorities and Related Policies in the EU and Hungary. Central Eastern European eDem & eGov Days, 331, 287–299. Online: https://doi.org/10.24989/ocg.v331.24 United Nations [é. n.]: United Nations Charter. Online: https://www.un.org/en/about-us/un-charter/ VARGA Zsófi (2022): Civil katonai együttműködés alkalmazása komplex hadműveleti környezetben. Biztonságtudományi Szemle, 4(1), 63–73. Online: https://biztonsagtudomanyi.szemle.uni-obuda.hu/index.php/home/article/view/207/179 White House (2026): President Trump’s Cyber Strategy for America. Online: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/president-trumps-cyber-strategy-for-america.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "57-78" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.4" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(979) "

Civil-military relations were already present in the early stages of the formation of civilizations, and their directions were determined by the rulers' and social expectations characteristic of the given era. The aim of this publication is to examine the process of how civil-military relations developed in the 20th and 21st centuries have been transformed as a result of the intensifying processes in cyberspace, and what special tasks the military sector should prepare for in the future in order to be successful in the execution of operational tasks. Without the support of the civilian sector, the military operations of the present era can no longer be carried out, and in order to achieve this, the necessary cooperation platforms must be established and the framework for joint task execution must be developed. Special attention must be paid to the practice of the processes, for which joint national and international practices must be planned and implemented.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(981) "

A civil–katonai kapcsolatok már a civilizációk kialakulásának kezdeti szakaszában is jelen voltak, irányaikat kijelölték az adott korszakra jellemző uralkodói és társadalmi elvárások. Jelen publikáció célja annak a folyamatnak a vizsgálata, hogy a 20. és 21. században kialakult civil–katonai kapcsolatok milyen módon alakultak át a kibertérben felerősödő folyamatok hatására, illetve a jövőben milyen speciális feladatokra kell felkészülnie a katonai szektornak a műveleti feladat-végrehajtás sikeressége érdekében. A civil szektor támogatása nélkül a jelen kor katonai műveletei már nem hajthatók végre, ennek érdekében a szükséges együttműködési platformokat ki kell alakítani, a közös feladat-végrehajtás kereteit ki kell dolgozni. Kiemelt figyelmet kell fordítani a folyamatok begyakoroltatására, ennek érdekében közös nemzeti és nemzetközi gyakorlatok tervezése és végrehajtása szükséges.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(82) "Examination of Civil-Military Relations Arising from the Specificity of Cyberspace" ["hu_HU"]=> string(78) "A kibertér sajátosságából adódó civil–katonai kapcsolatok vizsgálata" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Pozderka Gábor" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#805 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11440) ["email"]=> string(15) "poz@freemail.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8852) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(12) "+36302987620" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "Pozderka" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Gábor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(27) "civil–katonai kapcsolatok" [1]=> string(9) "kibertér" [2]=> string(17) "együttműködés" [3]=> string(22) "információmegosztás" } ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(26) "civil–military relations" [1]=> string(10) "cyberspace" [2]=> string(11) "cooperation" [3]=> string(19) "information sharing" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#811 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47701) ["id"]=> int(6932) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8852) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#792 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8656) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:41" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11152) ["sectionId"]=> int(59) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["submissionId"]=> int(8531) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4795) "AHLAN, Abdul Rahman – LUBIS, Muharman – LUBIS, Arif Ridho (2015): Information Security Awareness at the Knowledge-Based Institution: Its Antecedents and Measures. Procedia Computer Science, 72, 361–373. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2015.12.151 ALANAZI, Marfua – FREEMAN, Mark – TOOTELL, Holly (2022): Exploring the Factors that Influence the Cybersecurity Behaviors of Young Adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 136, 107376. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107376 ALHARBI, Talal – TASSADDIQ, Asifa (2021): Assessment of Cybersecurity Awareness Among Students of Majmaah University. Big Data and Cognitive Computing, 5(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc5020023 AL-JANABI, Samaher – AL-SHOURBAJI, Ibrahim (2016): A Study of Cyber Security Awareness in Educational Environment in the Middle East. Journal of Information and Knowledge Management, 15(1). Online: https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219649216500076 ALJOHNI, Wejdan et al. (2021): Cybersecurity Awareness Level: The Case of Saudi Arabia University Students. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 12(3), 276–281. Online:https://doi.org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120334 ALQAHTANI, Mohammed A. (2022): Factors Affecting Cybersecurity Awareness among University Students. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 12(5), 2589. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/app12052589 BAK, Gerda et al. (2024): On the Way to Updating the Measurement of Information Security Awareness – A Literature Analysis. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 22(3), 305–316. Online: https://doi.org/10.7906/indecs.22.3.6 BEREK László et al. (2024): Az egyén információbiztonsági tudatossági szintjének megállapítására elterjedt mérési módszerek összefoglaló elemzése nemzetközi kutatások alapján. In MOLNÁR György – TEMESVÁRI Zsolt – WÜHRL Tibor (szerk.): XXXIX. Kandó Konferencia 2023. Budapest: Óbudai Egyetem, 265–277. Online: https://oda.uni-obuda.hu/bitstream/handle/20.500.14044/25752/ksc_22.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y BLAŽIČ, Borka Jerman – BLAŽIČ, Andrej Jerman (2022): Cybersecurity Skills among European High-School Students: A New Approach in the Design of Sustainable Educational Development in Cybersecurity. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(8), 4763. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084763 HONG, Yuxiang – FURNELL, Steven (2021): Understanding Cybersecurity Behavioral Habits: Insights from Situational Support. Journal of Information Security and Applications, 57, 102710. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jisa.2020.102710 MCCORMAC, Agata et al. (2017): Individual Differences and Information Security Awareness. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 151–156. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.11.065 MÓDNÉ TAKÁCS, Judit – POGÁTSNIK, Monika (2024): The Presence of Cybersecurity Competencies in the Engineering Education of Generation Z. Acta Polytechnica Hungarica, 21(6), 107–127. Online: https://doi.org/10.12700/APH.21.6.2024.6.6 PARSONS, Kathryn et al. (2013): The Development of the Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q). In DENG, Hepu – STANDING, Craig (szerk.): ACIS 2013: Information Systems: Transforming the Future: Proceedings of the 24th Australasian Conference on Information Systems. RMIT University, 1–11. Online: https://bit.ly/4xeFK1v PARSONS, Kathryn et al. (2014): Determining Employee Awareness Using the Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q). Computers and Security, 42, 165–176. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2013.12.003 PARSONS, Kathryn et al. (2017): The Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q): Two Further Validation Studies. Computers and Security, 66, 40–51. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2017.01.004 RÉPÁS József et al. (2024): HAIS-Q-tól a SAM-ig, a biztonságtudatosság mérésének modernizációja. Hadmérnök, 19(4), 183–198. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2024.4.13 RÉPÁS József et al. (2025): Kisvállalkozások Nagy Kihívásai: Útmutató az Információbiztonsághoz. In WÜHRL Tibor (szerk.): XL. Kandó Konferencia Kiadvány. Óbudai Egyetem Kandó Kálmán Villamosmérnöki Kar, 179–186. Online: https://oda.uni-obuda.hu/bitstream/handle/20.500.14044/30380/Kiadv%C3%A1ny_Kando_XL_Konferencia.pdf SHAPPIE, Alexander T. – DAWSON, Charlotte A. – DEBB, Scott M. (2020): Personality as a Predictor of Cybersecurity Behavior. Psychology of Popular Media, 9(4), 475–480. Online: https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000247 TAHA, Nashrawan – DAHABIYEH, Laila (2021): College Students Information Security Awareness: A Comparison Between Smartphones and Computers. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1721–1736. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10330-0" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(5) "77-92" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.5" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1404) "

The rapid development of the digital environment and the increasing number of cyber attacks have made the human factor the most vulnerable element of cybersecurity. Measuring users' security awareness is crucial for adequate protection and developing targeted education programs. This research aims to present and empirically test the Security Awareness Model (SAM), which builds on the previous HAIS-Q model by integrating the Knowledge-Attitude-Behaviour dimensions across ten professional areas, including password use, web security, personal data protection, and incident management. The pilot study, conducted in the spring of 2025, was based on the responses of 132 higher education students and aimed to test the reliability and validity of the model's constructs. Based on the results, all three component dimensions contribute significantly to general security knowledge, but some items need to be reworded to improve measurement accuracy. The students agreed on classic security risks (e.g., unknown USB devices, phishing). At the same time, there was significant uncertainty in regulatory awareness and attitudes toward new technologies. The SAM model is suitable for the complex, multidimensional exploration of information security awareness and provides a basis for large-scale, nationwide studies that can contribute to developing a security culture in higher education and society.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1751) "

A digitális környezet gyors fejlődése és a kibertámadások növekvő száma a humán tényezőt a kiberbiztonság legsebezhetőbb elemévé tette. A felhasználók biztonságtudatosságának mérése ezért kulcsfontosságú a hatékony védelem és a célzott oktatási programok kialakítása szempontjából. Jelen kutatás a Security Awareness Model (Biztonságtudatossági Modell, SAM) bemutatására és empirikus tesztelésére vállalkozik, amely a korábbi Human Aspects of Information Security Questionnaire (HAIS-Q) modellt továbbfejlesztve a tudás–attitűd–viselkedés dimenziókat tíz szakmai terület mentén – többek között jelszóhasználat, webes biztonság, személyes adatok védelme vagy incidensmenedzsment – integrálja. A 2025 tavaszán végzett pilotkutatás 132 felsőoktatási hallgató válaszain alapult, és célja a modell konstrukcióinak megbízhatósági és érvényességi vizsgálata volt. Az eredmények alapján mindhárom komponens dimenziói szignifikánsan hozzájárulnak az általános biztonsági tudáshoz, ugyanakkor néhány tétel újrafogalmazása indokolt a mérési pontosság javítása érdekében. A hallgatók legnagyobb egyetértést a klasszikus biztonsági kockázatok (például ismeretlen USB-eszközök, adathalászat) terén mutatták, míg a szabályozási tudatosság és az új technológiákhoz kapcsolódó attitűdök esetében jelentős bizonytalanság tapasztalható. A SAM-modell alkalmas az információbiztonsági tudatosság komplex, többdimenziós feltárására, és alapot nyújt nagymintás, országos vizsgálatokhoz, amelyek hozzájárulhatnak a biztonsági kultúra fejlesztéséhez a felsőoktatásban és a társadalom szélesebb körében.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(73) "Security Awareness among Higher Education Students Based on the SAM Model" ["hu_HU"]=> string(71) "Felsőoktatási hallgatók biztonságtudatossága a SAM-modell alapján" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(82) "Répás József, Berek László, Oláh Norbert, Ujhegyi Péter, Vinogradov Szergej" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(5) { [0]=> object(Author)#813 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11153) ["email"]=> string(23) "repas.jozsef@alverad.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8656) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1186-4731" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(23) "Dennis Gabor University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(21) "Gábor Dénes Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Répás" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "József" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#802 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11152) ["email"]=> string(25) "berek.laszlo@uni-obuda.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8656) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(41) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:15:"Óbudai Egyetem";}" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Berek" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "László" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#818 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11154) ["email"]=> string(26) "olah.norbert@inf.unideb.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8656) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0007-8508" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(45) "University of Debrecen Faculty of Informatics" ["hu_HU"]=> string(35) "Debreceni Egyetem, Informatikai Kar" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Oláh" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Norbert" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [3]=> object(Author)#808 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11155) ["email"]=> string(26) "ujhegyi.peter@uni-obuda.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8656) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9143-6712" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(64) "Obuda University Doctoral School on Safety and Security Sciences" ["hu_HU"]=> string(52) "Óbudai Egyetem, Biztonságtudományi Doktori Iskola" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Ujhegyi" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Péter" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [4]=> object(Author)#814 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11156) ["email"]=> string(28) "szvinogradov@metropolitan.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8656) ["seq"]=> int(5) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6242-3063" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(32) "Budapest Metropolitan University" ["hu_HU"]=> string(52) "Budapesti Metropolitan Egyetem, Módszertan Intézet" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(10) "Vinogradov" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Szergej" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(22) "információbiztonság" [1]=> string(21) "biztonságtudatosság" [2]=> string(10) "SAM modell" [3]=> string(6) "HAIS-Q" [4]=> string(14) "felsőoktatás" [5]=> string(13) "pilotkutatás" } ["en_US"]=> array(6) { [0]=> string(20) "information security" [1]=> string(18) "security awareness" [2]=> string(9) "SAM model" [3]=> string(6) "HAIS-Q" [4]=> string(14) "pilot research" [5]=> string(16) "higher education" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#816 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47702) ["id"]=> int(6933) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8656) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#724 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8860) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:39" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11452) ["sectionId"]=> int(56) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8735) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5849) "ANDERSON, Hal (1983): Predicting Wind-Driven Wildland Fire Size and Shape. Ogden, UT: US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Online: https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.69035 BODNÁR László (2021): Az erdőtüzek oltásának hatékonyságát növelő módszerek kutatása és fejlesztése. PhD-disszertáció. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálti Egyetem. https://doi.org/10.17625/NKE.2021.020 BYRAM, George (1959): Combustion of Forest Fuels. In DAVIS, Kenneth P. (szerk.): Forest Fire: Control and Use. New York: McGraw-Hill, 61–89. Online: https://www.frames.gov/documents/behaveplus/publications/Byram_1959_CombustionOfForestFuels.pdf CSORBA, Kristóf et al. (2025): Monitoring of Historical Structural Materials with Computed Tomography. Structural Concrete, 1–13. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.202400149 DEBRECENI Péter (2019): Erdőtűz időjárási index használata az erdőtűz megelőzésben. In Facskó Ferenc – Király Gergely (szerk.): VII. Kari Tudományos Konferencia a konferencia előadásainak és posztereinek kivonatai. Sopron: Soproni Egyetemi Kiadó, 16. DEBRECENI Péter (2023): Kihívások és lehetőségek a hazai erdőtűz megelőzésben egy új európai megközelítés tükrében. Védelem Tudomány, 8(Ksz.), 119–127. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/vedelemtudomany/article/view/13887/11323 HAJDU Flóra et al. (2024): Az erdőtűz talajra gyakorolt hatásainak vizsgálata számítógépes szimulációval I. Modellek vizsgálata. Tűzvédelem, 31(1), 5–8. KANYÓ Ferenc (2020): Középmagas társasházi tetőtűz tűzoltási taktikája. Védelem Katasztrófavédelmi Szemle, 27(4), 49–53. Online: https://www.vedelem.hu/letoltes/ujsag/v202008.pdf?5 KEREKES Zsuzsa – GYÖNGYÖSSY Éva – ELEK Barbara (2017): Tűzoltó kábelek műanyag burkolatának új és hagyományos vizsgálati módszereinek összehasonlító elemzése. Védelem Tudomány, 2(3), 24–36. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/vedelemtudomany/article/view/13129/10598 KOMLAI, Krisztina – RESTÁS, Ágoston – KEREKES, Zsuzsanna (2021): Fire Resistance Thermodynamic Test of Self-supporting Double Skin Metal Faced Sandwich Panels. In BODNÁR, László – Heizler, György (szerk.): Proceedings of the Fire Engineering & Disaster Management Prerecorded International Scientific Conference. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, 179–184. Online: https://kvi.uni-nke.hu/document/kvi-uni-nke-hu/440-konferencia.pdf#page=181 LIPTAY Zoltán – ENGLONER Attila (2024): A klímaváltozás lehetséges hatásai a nagy folyóink vízminőségére: a vízminőségi modellezés peremfeltételeinek klímaparaméterezése. Légkör, 69(Ksz.), 30–36. Online: https://doi.org/10.56474/legkor.2024.K.5 NAGY Dániel (2008): Erdőtüzek megelőzési és oltástechnológiai lehetőségeinek vizsgálata. PhD-disszertáció. Sopron: Nyugat-magyarországi Egyetem. Online: http://doktori.uni-sopron.hu/id/eprint/30/1/disszertacio.pdf NAGY Dániel (2013): Erdőtűz megelőzési intézkedések erdővédelmi, tűzterjedési és ökonómiai paramétereinek kidolgozása. Sopron: Nyugat-Magyarországi Egyetem. PEET, Geoffrey Brian (1967): The Shape of Mild Firest in Jarrah forest. Australian Forestry, 31(2), 121–127. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00049158.1967.10675433 RESTÁS, Ágoston (2016): The Examination of the Economical Effectiveness of Forest Fire Suppression by Using Theoretical Fire Spread Models. Academic and Applied Research in Military and Public Management Science, 15(1), 85–92. Online: https://doi.org/10.32565/aarms.2016.1.8 RESTÁS Ágoston (2020): Az erdőtüzek intenzitásának változása a globális klímaváltozás hatására. In Földi László – Hegedűs Hajnalka (szerk.): Éghajlatváltozás okozta kihívások és lehetséges válaszok. Budapest: Ludovika, 91–106. Online: https://doi.org/10.36250/00833_05 ROTHERMEL, Richard (1972): A Mathematical Model for Predicting Fire Spread in Wildland Fuels. Ogden: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. Online: https://research.fs.usda.gov/download/treesearch/32533.pdf SEREG Adrienn – KEREKES Zsuzsanna – ELEK Barbara (2019): Az erdők környezeti vegetációjának hatása a tűzesetekre, a megelőzés egyes lehetőségei. Védelem Tudomány, 4(4), 74–90. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/vedelemtudomany/article/view/13362/10788 TEKNŐS, László – DEBRECENI, Krisztina, A (2022): Disaster Management Aspects of Global Climate Change. In: MOLNÁR, András – WENCZEL, Dóra (szerk.): Third International Conference on Effective Response: Conference Proceedings. Budapest: Magyar Vöröskereszt, 45–55. TEKNŐS László – KÓRÓDI Gyula (2016): A globális éghajlatváltozás biológiai kockázatainak elemzése, hatásainak vizsgálata a katasztrófavédelemre I. Bolyai Szemle, 1(1), 115–130. Online: https://www.uni-nke.hu/document/uni-nke-hu/bolyai-szemle-216-1.original.pdf TOMKA Péter – PÁNTYA Péter (2022): Elsődleges katasztrófavédelmi, tűzoltósági beavatkozások épített környezetben. Polgári Védelmi Szemle, 14(Ksz.), 143–152. Online: https://mpvsz.hu/pv_szemlek/pvszemle2022/index.html VAN WAGNER, C. E. (1969): A Simple Fire-Growth Model. The Forestry Chronicle, 45(2), 81–142. Online: https://pubs.cif-ifc.org/doi/epdf/10.5558/tfc45103-2 VASS, GYULA et al. (2024): Results and Future of Disaster Management Research in the System of Law Enforcement Sciences. Belügyi Szemle, 72(5), 909–927. Online: https://doi.org/10.38146/bsz-ajia.2024.v72.i5.pp909-927 XU, Qiang et al. (2018): Evaluate the Flammability of a Pu Foam With Double-Scale Analysis. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 133, 3329–3337. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-018-7494-2" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(6) "93-106" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.6" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1647) "

Wildfire spread is one of the central issues in wildfire risk assessment, as it determines the spatial extent of the fire, the level of fire hazard, and the available options for suppression and mitigation. The basis of wildfire spread analysis lies in the elementary fire types, which can be described and quantified with relative simplicity. The study of fire spread focuses on the rate at which the fire front advances as a function of available fuels, meteorological conditions, and topography. Closely related to the rate of spread is fire intensity, which expresses the amount of energy released along the fire front and is commonly calculated using the Byram fire line intensity. Fire intensity provides a basis for estimating flame length, heat flux, and the feasibility of direct firefighting operations. However, the impacts of wildfires are not limited exclusively to the natural environment, as they frequently affect the built environment as well. The assessment of these impacts is addressed through the calculation of building loss potential, which integrates fire hazard with the exposure and vulnerability of structures. Building loss potential is of particular importance in residential areas located in close proximity to forested lands. This study systematically investigates the key factors identified as critically influencing wildfire spread by applying relevant and internationally established wildfire spread models. Beyond a comparative evaluation of these models, the paper also provides a detailed examination of the underlying computational approaches employed to quantify and predict fire propagation dynamics.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1534) "

Az erdőtűzterjedés az erdőtűzkockázat egyik központi eleme, hiszen meghatározza a tűz kiterjedését, a tűzveszélyt és a védekezési lehetőségeket is. A tűzterjedés alapját az elemi tűzformák adják, amelyek könnyen számíthatók. A tűzterjedés vizsgálata arra irányul, hogy a tűzfront milyen gyorsan halad az éghető anyag, az időjárási tényezők és a domborzat függvényében. A terjedési sebességgel szoros összefüggésben áll a tűzintenzitás, amely a tűzfront mentén felszabaduló energia mennyiségét fejezi ki, és gyakran a Byram-féle tűzfrontvonal-intenzitás segítségével számítják. A tűzintenzitás alapján következtetni lehet a lánghosszra, a hőterhelésre és a tűzoltási lehetőségekre. Az erdőtüzek hatásai azonban nem korlátozódnak csak és kizárólag a természetes környezetre, hanem gyakran érintik az épített környezetet is. Ennek értékelésére szolgál az épületkár-potenciál számításának vizsgálata, amely a tűzveszélyt az épületek kitettségével és sérülékenységével kapcsolja össze. Az épületkár-potenciál különösen az erdőhöz közeli lakott területek mentén jelentős. A cikk a fentiekben megfogalmazott, az erdőtűzterjedés szempontjából fontos tényezőket vizsgálja a releváns, nemzetközi szinten is elfogadott erdőtűzterjedési modellek segítségével. A cikk eredményeként nemcsak a modellek, hanem a tűzterjedésre vonatkozó számítási metódusok is megismerhetővé válnak.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(71) "A Review and Analysis of the Most Characteristic Wildfire Spread Models" ["hu_HU"]=> string(83) "A legjellemzőbb erdőtűzterjedési modellek áttekintő vizsgálata és elemzése" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(46) "Bodnár László, Érces Gergő, Rácz Sándor" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#770 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(11452) ["email"]=> string(24) "bodnar.laszlo@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8860) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9196-8030" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(26) "

assistant professor

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(16) "

adjunktus

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Bodnár" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Bodnár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(8) "László" ["hu_HU"]=> string(8) "László" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#774 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11453) ["email"]=> string(22) "erces.gergo@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8860) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4464-4604" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(121) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, Rendészettudományi Kar, Katasztrófavédelmi Intézet, Tűzvédelmi Mérnöki Tanszék" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Érces" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Gergő" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#768 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11454) ["email"]=> string(22) "racz.sandor@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8860) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9955-924X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(136) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, Rendészettudományi Kar, Katasztrófavédelmi Intézet, Tűzvédelmi és Mentésirányítási Tanszék" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Rácz" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Sándor" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(9) "erdőtűz" [1]=> string(13) "tűzterjedés" [2]=> string(15) "elemi tűzforma" [3]=> string(15) "tűzintenzitás" [4]=> string(23) "épületkár-potenciál" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#772 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47705) ["id"]=> int(6934) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8860) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#778 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8728) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11266) ["sectionId"]=> int(56) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["submissionId"]=> int(8603) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(4191) "BHE (2024): European Defence Agency’s CBRN SaaS Project Achievements. Online: https://bhe-corp.com/european-defence-agencys-cbrn-saas-project-achivements/ Binding Commitments [é. n.]. Online: https://www.pesco.europa.eu/binding-commitments/ European Commission (2016): Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe A Global Strategy for the European Union’s Foreign and Security Policy [ePub], June 2016. Online: https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eugs_review_web_0.pdf European Commission (2021): CBRN RSS Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance and Surveillance System. Online: https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-06/EDIDP2020_factsheet_CBRN__DEWS_CBRN-RSS.pdf European Commission [é. n.]: European Defence Industrial Development Programme (EDIDP). Online: https://defence-industry-space.ec.europa.eu/eu-defence-industry/european-defence-industrial-development-programme-edidp_en European Defence Agency (2010): General Rules and Procedures Applicable to Ad Hoc Research & Technology Projects and Programmes of The European Defence Agency. Online: https://eda.europa.eu/docs/documents/EDA_General_Rules_and_Procedures.pdf European Defence Agency (2023): The 2023 EU Capability Development Priorities. Online: https://eda.europa.eu/docs/default-source/brochures/qu-03-23-421-en-n-web.pdf European Union (2012): Consolidated Version of The Treaty on European Union. Official Journal of the European Union, C 326/13 EN 26.10.2012. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:2bf140bf-a3f8-4ab2-b506-fd71826e6da6.0023.02/DOC_1&format=PDF European Union (2017): Council Decision (CFSP) 2017/2315. Official Journal of the European Union, L 331/57 EN. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32017D2315&from=EN Európai Unió (2008): Az Európai Unióról szóló szerződés egységes szerkezetbe foglalt változata - JEGYZŐKÖNYVEK - (10.) Jegyzőkönyv: az Európai Unióról szóló szerződés 42. cikkével létrehozott állandó strukturált együttműködésről. Hivatalos Lap, 115, 0275–0277, 09/05/2008, 12008M/PRO/10. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/HU/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:12008M/PRO/10. GTI-SGM (-EX) Gas Detector Family [é. n.]. Online: https://www.gammatech.hu/index.php?mnuGrp=mnuProducts-mnuProducts_Category&module=products&lang=eng&group=kornyezetimonitoring_gas&product=gtisgmex&menupath=main-kornyezetimonitoring-kornyezetimonitoring_gas- HOFSTÄTTER, Michael (2024): CBRN SAAS (EDA CAT. B.) Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Reconnaissance and Surveillance System – Technological Demonstrator. Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, MS Powerpoint előadás, 2025. június16. EDA CBRN SaaS PAMG értekezlet, Bécs. MCMANUS, Keith David (2019): Radiological and Nuclear Threat Detection Using Small Unmanned Aerial Systems. Berkeley University of California. Online: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7b241431 MÉSZÁROS Zalán (2025): Az LSF–21 légi sugárfelderítő konténer fejlesztése. Haditechnika,59(3), 44–51. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/226668/1/PagesfromHT_2025_3_book_netre-9.pdf MOLNÁR Anna – SZABOLCS Laura (2020): Megerősített együttműködés, változó geometria, PESCO. Hadtudomány, 30(4), 77–106. Online: https://doi.org/10.17047/Hadtud.2020.30.4.77 PAVLOVSKY, Ryan (2018): 3-D Radiation Mapping in Real-Time with the Localization and Mapping Platform LAMP from Unmanned Aerial Systems and Man-Portable Configurations. Online: https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1901.05038 PUSCH, Gunther (2021): CBRN SaaS Project Enters Operational Phase. EDA. Online: https://eda.europa.eu/news-and-events/news/2021/01/21/cbrn-saas-project-enters-operational-phase Schiebel Aircraft GmbH [é. n.]: Camcopter S100. Online: https://schiebel.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/CAMCOPTER-S-100-Brochure-English.pdf ZELENÁK János et al. (2009): A légi sugárfelderítés képességei alkalmazhatóságának vizsgálata elveszett, vagy ellopott sugárforrások felkutatása, illetve szennyezett terepszakaszok felderítése során. Hadmérnök, 6(1), 46–62. Online: http://hadmernok.hu/2009_1_zelenak.pdf" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "107-124" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.7" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(518) "

The defence cooperation between European Union member states covers a number of areas, including the development of chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear detection capabilities and the development of the CBRN Operational Picture. Several Central European nations are working together on this as part of the CBRN Surveillance as a Service project. The authors summarize the project's objectives and results, identify problems, and analyze the potential for national use of the system and its components.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(564) "

Az Európai Unió tagországainak védelmi célú együttműködése számos területet lefed, amelynek részeként az atom, biológiai, vegyi felderítés fejlesztése és a vonatkozó helyzetkép kialakítása érdekében több közép-európai nemzet közös erőfeszítést fejt ki az ABV-megfigyelés mint szolgáltatás projekt keretében. A szerzők összefoglalják a projekt célkitűzéseit, eredményeit, problémákat azonosítanak, valamint elemzik a kifejlesztendő rendszer, illetve annak elemei hazai hasznosíthatóságának lehetőségeit.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(35) "Domestic Interests and Perspectives" ["hu_HU"]=> string(33) "Hazai érdekek és perspektívák" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(87) "CBRN Surveillance as a Service within the Framework of Permanent Structured Cooperation" ["hu_HU"]=> string(94) "ABV-megfigyelés mint szolgáltatás az állandó strukturált együttműködés rendszerében" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(30) "Csóka Attila, Kantár György" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#794 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11266) ["email"]=> string(22) "csoka.attila@yahoo.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8728) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9873-0789" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(21) "HDF 102 CBRN Regiment" ["hu_HU"]=> string(39) "MH Sodró László 102. Vegyiharc Ezred" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(97) "

PhD Military Science, NUPS, 2024

HDF 102. CBRN Regiment, deputy regiment commander

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(112) "

PhD Hadtudományok, NKE, 2024.

MH Sodró László 102. Vegyiharc Ezred, ezredparancsnok-helyettes

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Csóka" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Csóka" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(6) "Attila" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Attila" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#788 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11267) ["email"]=> string(22) "kantargyorgy@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8728) ["seq"]=> int(2) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(9) "HVK HTCSF" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(215) "

Honvéd Vezérkar Haderőtervezési Csoportfőnökség, Fegyvernemi Képességtervező Főnökség, kiemelt főtiszt (ABV)

Orchid tegnap regelve: 0009-0006-4324-578X, amit a fenti űrlap nem fogad el.

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Kantár" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "György" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "PESCO" [1]=> string(3) "ABV" [2]=> string(3) "EDA" } ["en_US"]=> array(3) { [0]=> string(5) "PESCO" [1]=> string(4) "CBRN" [2]=> string(3) "EDA" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#785 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47706) ["id"]=> int(6935) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8728) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#777 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8649) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:41" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11139) ["sectionId"]=> int(56) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["submissionId"]=> int(8524) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(3703) "AMBRUSZ József – VÁSÁRHELYI Örs (2025): A kritikus szervezeti reziliencia és a lakosságfelkészítés nemzetbiztonsági jelentősége a modern fenyegetésekkel szemben. Nemzetbiztonsági Szemle, 13(2), 74–93. Online: https://doi.org/10.32561/nsz.2025.2.6 BRUNECKIENE, Jurgita – SINKIENE, Jolita – KILIJONIENE, Akvilé (2018). Critical Elements of Resilience in Ensuring Sustainable Development of Countrystricts. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 7(4), 667–677. European Commission (2026): Critical Infrastructure Resilience at EU-level. Online: https://home-affairs.ec.europa.eu/policies/internal-security/counter-terrorism-and-radicalisation/protection/critical-infrastructure-resilience-eu-level_en European Union (2022): Directive (EU) 2022/2557 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 on the resilience of critical entities… Official Journal of the EU, L333, 1–27. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2022/2557/oj/eng GUNDERSON, Lance (2010): Ecological and Human Community Resilience in Response to Natural Disasters. Ecology and Society, 15(2), 18. Online: http://www.jstor.org/stable/26268155 KÁDÁR Pál – KESZELY László (2024): A nemzeti ellenálló képesség – a Vbö. V. fejezete. In KÁDÁR Pál (szerk.): A védelmi és biztonsági szabályozás magyarországi reformja. Budapest: Ludovika, 185–206. Online: https://doi.org/10.36250/01232_07 KOVÁCS László (2018a): A kibertér védelme. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. Online: https://www.uni-nke.hu/document/uni-nke-hu/Kov%C3%A1cs%20L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3.pdf KOVÁCS László (2018b): A kiberbiztonság és -stratégia. Budapest: Dialóg Campus – Nordex. MÓGOR Judit – BALOGHNÉ PRUHA Mária (2025): A kockázat alapú gondolkodás gyakorlati elemei a kritikus szervezeteknél I. rész. Védelem Tudomány, 10(3), 14–25. Online: https://doi.org/10.61790/vt.2025.20648 LAZARI, Alessandro (2023): Comparing Policy Frameworks: Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience in the United States and the European Union. In EVANS, Carol V. et al. (szerk.): Enabling NATO’s Collective Defense: Critical Infrastructure Security and Resiliency. Carlisle PA: USAWC Press, 155–170. Online: https://press.armywarcollege.edu/monographs/955 PÁLNÉ KOVÁCS Ilona (2023): Az önkormányzati válságkezelés és/vagy reziliencia: Szakirodalmi szemle. Tér és Társadalom, 37(1), 3–22. Online: https://doi.org/10.17649/TET.37.1.3465 PROFIROIU, Alina Georgiana – NASTACĂ, Corina-Cristiana (2021): What Strengthens Resilience in Public Administration Institutions? Eastern Journal of European Studies, 12(Special Issue), 100–125. Online: https://doi.org/10.47743/ejes-2021-SI05 SZÉKELY Iván (2015): Reziliencia: a rendszerelmélettől a társadalomtudományokig. Replika, (94), 7–23. Online: http://real.mtak.hu/id/eprint/110083 The White House (2013): Presidential Policy Directive-21: Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience. Washington, DC: Office of the Press Secretary. Online: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2013/02/12/presidential-policy-directive-critical-infrastructure-security-and-resil/ The White House (2024): Fact Sheet: Biden-Harris Administration Announces New National Security Memorandum on Critical Infrastructure. Washington, DC: Office of the Press Secretary. Online: https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/fact-sheet-biden-harris-administration-announces-new-national-security-memorandum-critical TIERNEY, Kathleen (2015): Disaster Resilience and the Neoliberal Project: Discourses, Critiques, Practices – And Katrina. American Behavioral Scientist, 59(10), 15–36. Online: 10.1177/0002764215591187" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "125-135" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.8" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1546) "

The resilience of critical organizations has become a key issue in disaster management, public administration, and national security over the past decade. The aim of this study is to provide a comparative analysis of the regulatory and institutional approaches adopted by the European Union (EU) and the United States of America (USA) to strengthen the resilience of critical organizations. In this article, the authors review the concept of resilience and its significance in the stable maintenance of social and economic processes, the environment and defense capabilities, and the security of essential services for the population. This is followed by a detailed comparison of the legal and strategic regulatory frameworks of the European Union and the United States of America in terms of strengthening the resilience of critical infrastructures and organizations. The study shows that while both regions are increasingly focusing on all-hazards resilience in managing natural disasters, epidemics and other crises, EU regulation tends to focus on legally binding guidelines and comprehensive strategies to increase the resilience of entities providing essential services, while USA regulation has long been based on voluntary cooperation and guidelines, which are supplemented by more mandatory elements in recent strategies. The study concludes that the gradual convergence of these approaches points toward a hybrid model of resilience, offering valuable lessons for the development of public administration and disaster management.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1800) "

A kritikus szervezetek rezilienciája az elmúlt évtizedben a katasztrófavédelem, a közigazgatás és a nemzetbiztonság egyik központi kérdésévé vált. A tanulmány célja annak bemutatása és összehasonlító elemzése, hogy az Európai Unió (EU) és az Amerikai Egyesült Államok (USA) milyen szabályozási és intézményi megközelítéseket alkalmaz a kritikus szervezetek ellenálló képességének erősítésére. Jelen cikkben a szerzők áttekintik a reziliencia fogalmát és jelentőségét a társadalmi és gazdasági folyamatok, a környezet és a védelmi képességek stabil fenntartásában, valamint a lakossági alapvető szolgáltatások biztonsága szempontjából. Ezt követően részletesen összehasonlítják az Európai Unió és az Amerikai Egyesült Államok jogi és stratégiai szabályozási kereteit a kritikus infrastruktúrák és szervezetek rezilienciájának, azaz ellenálló képességének erősítése terén. A tanulmány rámutat, hogy míg mindkét térségben növekvő hangsúlyt kap az összveszély megközelítésű reziliencia a természeti katasztrófák, járványok és egyéb krízisek kezelésében, addig az EU szabályozása inkább jogilag kötelező erejű irányelvekkel és átfogó stratégiákkal igyekszik növelni a létfontosságú szolgáltatást nyújtó entitások ellenálló képességét, míg az USA szabályozása hosszú ideig önkéntes együttműködésre és irányelvekre épített, amelyet a legújabb stratégiák már kötelezőbb elemekkel egészítenek ki. A tanulmány megállapítja, hogy a két megközelítés fokozatos közeledése egy hibrid rezilienciamodell irányába mutat, amely releváns tanulságokkal szolgál a közigazgatás és a katasztrófavédelem fejlesztése számára.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(125) "The Resilience of Critical Organisations with Special Emphasis on the Comparative Analysis of EU and US Regulatory Frameworks" ["hu_HU"]=> string(118) "A kritikus szervezetek rezilienciája különös tekintettel az EU–USA szabályozási keretek összehasonlítására" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(26) "Kocsis Zoltán, Vass Gyula" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(2) { [0]=> object(Author)#793 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11140) ["email"]=> string(21) "kocsis.zoltan@ecip.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8649) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7806-8222" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Kocsis" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#803 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11139) ["email"]=> string(21) "vass.gyula@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8649) ["seq"]=> int(3) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1845-2027" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(71) "National University for Public Service Institute of Disaster Management" ["hu_HU"]=> string(61) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Katasztrófavédelmi Intézet" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(264) "

director

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(265) "

igazgató

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(4) "Vass" ["hu_HU"]=> string(4) "Vass" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Gyula" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Gyula" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(11) "reziliencia" [1]=> string(24) "kritikus infrastruktúra" [2]=> string(20) "katasztrófavédelem" [3]=> string(14) "közigazgatás" [4]=> string(19) "ellátásbiztonság" [5]=> string(14) "Európai Unió" [6]=> string(3) "USA" } ["en_US"]=> array(7) { [0]=> string(10) "resilience" [1]=> string(23) "critical infrastructure" [2]=> string(19) "disaster management" [3]=> string(21) "public administration" [4]=> string(18) "security of supply" [5]=> string(14) "European Union" [6]=> string(3) "USA" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#796 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47707) ["id"]=> int(6936) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8649) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#782 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8638) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:41" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11121) ["sectionId"]=> int(56) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["submissionId"]=> int(8513) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(12094) "ASZÓDI Attila (2018): A nyári hőhullám hatása a villamosenergia-termelésre. Láncreakció – Aszódi Attila információs blogja. 2018. augusztus 22. Online: https://aszodiattila.blog.hu/2018/08/22/a_nyari_hohullam_hatasa_a_villamosenergia-termelesre BESSET, Julien – COMTE, Michel (2016): Canadian Oil Hub Works to Restore Power, Eyes Resuming Full Oil Output. AFP, 2016. május 11. Online: https://sg.news.yahoo.com/canadas-fire-ravaged-fort-mcmurray-works-restore-utilities-171504156.html CHEMTOB, Danielle (2023): Millions of Gallons of Gasoline Spilled From a Pipeline in the Charlotte Area, and It’s Still Being Cleaned Up. Axios, 2023. március 21. Online: https://www.axios.com/local/charlotte/2023/03/21/millions-of-gallons-of-gasoline-spilled-from-a-pipeline-in-the-charlotte-area-and-its-still-being-cleaned-up-323376 Colorado Department of Natural Resources, Division of Water Resources, Dam Safety Branch [é. n.]: After Action Report – Colorado Flooding 2013. damsafety.org. Online: https://damsafety.org/sites/default/files/files/AAR%20DWR%20DSB%20Flooding%202013.pdf DELLINGER, Derek (2024): Work Still Needs to Be Done 4 Years After Historic Huntersville Fuel Spill. Queen City News, 2024. augusztus 13. Online: https://www.qcnews.com/news/colonial-pipeline/work-still-needs-to-be-done-four-years-after-huntersville-fuel-spill/ DUNCAN, Charles (2022): N.C. Nature Preserve, Site of the Worst Onshore Fuel Spill in the U.S., Still Closed 2 Years Later. Spectrum News, 2022. augusztus 4. Online: https://spectrumlocalnews.com/nc/charlotte/environment/2022/08/04/n-c--nature-preserve--site-of-the-worst-onshore-fuel-spill-in-the-u-s---still-closed-2-years-later EFTHIMIOU, Nikolaos – PSOMIADIS, Emmanouil – PANAGOS, Panos (2020): Fire Severity and Soil Erosion Susceptibility Mapping Using Multi-Temporal Earth Observation Data: The Case of Mati Fatal Wildfire in Eastern Attica, Greece. Catena, 187, 104320. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2019.104320 Esri (2014): Managing Recovery Efforts with Mobile GIS after Colorado Floods. Esri Arcnews, 2014. ősz. Online: https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/arcnews/managing-recovery-efforts-with-mobile-gis-after-colorado-floods Euronews – AP (2021): Sikerült megfékezni a széntüzelésű hőerőmű felé terjedő erdőtüzet Törökországban. euronews.com, 2021. augusztus 5. Online: https://hu.euronews.com/2021/08/05/sikerult-megfekezni-a-szentuzelesu-hoeromu-fele-terjedo-erdotuzet-torokorszagban ÉRCES Gergő – VASS Gyula – AMBRUSZ József (2023): Épületek károsító hatásokkal szembeni rezilienciájának jellemzői. Polgári Védelmi Szemle, 15(különszám), 117–130. Online: https://kvi.uni-nke.hu/document/kvi-uni-nke-hu/%C3%96sszerakott%20PV%20Szemle%20cikkek_02_24_Szerkesztett.pdf#page=117 FEMA (2023): 2013 Colorado Floods: A Decade of Recovery and Building Resilience. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 1–21. Online: https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_r8-2013-colorado-floods-decade-recovery-building-resilience.pdf GEORGE, Richard (2024): The Impact of Global Warming on the Durability of Utility Poles. Factor This, 2024. április 15. Online: https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/the-impact-of-global-warming-on-the-durability-of-utility-poles/ GOGOI, Swapnali – BARUAH, Bubu – CHETIA, Annekha (2022): Baghjan Fire: a Case Study of the ‘2020 Assam Gas and Oil Leak’ at Baghjan Oil Field, Tinsukia, Assam. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 7(5), 507–515. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003341932-51 GUANTER, Luis et al. (2024): Multisatellite Data Depicts a Record-Breaking Methane Leak from a Well Blowout. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 11(8), 825–830. Online: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.estlett.4c00399 GÜNTHER, Reinhard (2023): Illuminating the Dark Side – Lightning’s Assault on Power Grids. CLOUGLOBAL News, 2023. július 18. Online: https://clouglobal.com/illuminating-the-dark-side-lightnings-assault-on-power-networks/ HEALY, Jack – TAYLOR, Kate – PENN, Ivan (2020): California Wildfires: Extreme Heat Turns State Into a Furnace. The New York Times, 2020. szeptember 7. Online: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/07/us/ca-wildfires-heatwave.html HERRICK, Kelly Mahan (2018): The Year in Review 2018. Montecito Journal, 2018. december 27. Online: https://www.montecitojournal.net/2018/12/27/the-year-in-review-2018/ HOFFMANN Imre et al. (2015): Iparbiztonsági kockázatok Magyarországon. Védelem Online: Tűz- és katasztrófavédelmi szakkönyvtár, 22(1). Online: https://www.vedelem.hu/letoltes/anyagok/546-iparbiztonsagi-kockazatok-magyarorszagon.pdf HOFFMANN Imre – SZLÁVIK Lajos – CIMER Zsolt (2019): Árvíz által okozott katasztrófák iparbiztonsági vetületei. Védelem Tudomány, 4(különszám), 112–130. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/vedelemtudomany/article/view/13306/10739 HOOVER, Amber et al. (2020): Drought Impacts on Bioenergy Supply System Risk and Biomass Composition. In: ONDRASEK, Gabrijel (szerk.): Drought – Detection and Solutions. ‎Intechopen. Online: https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85295 ITM (2018): A 2018–2030 közötti időszakra vonatkozó, 2050-ig tartó időszakra is kitekintést nyújtó második Nemzeti Éghajlatváltozási Stratégia. 23/2018. (X. 31.) OGY határozat melléklete. Online: https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2018-23-30-41 IUC UNEP (2000): Climate Change Information Sheet 22. How Human Activities Produce Greenhouse Gases. Online: https://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/climate/fact22.htm JESSEN, Jasmin (2025): How do Heatwaves Affect Power Grids? Energy Digital, 2025. június 30. Online: https://energydigital.com/news/climate-change-how-heatwaves-are-affecting-power-grids JONES, Dave et al. (2016): Europe’s Dark Cloud – How Coal-burning Countries are Making Their Neighbours Sick. Brussels: CAN Europe – HEAL – WWF European Policy Office – Sandbag. Online: https://wwf.hu/wp-content/uploads/2023/05/1467799428_Dark_cloud_report.pdf KANN, Drew – ALMASY, Steve (2019): A Natural Gas Blowout in Ohio Released More Methane Than Many Countries Do in an Entire Year. CNN, 2019. december 18. Online: https://edition.cnn.com/2019/12/17/us/ohio-exxon-mobil-methane-leak-satellite-climate-change KISS Ernő (2020): A kaliforniai erdőtüzek lehúzták a napelemek múlt havi termelését. Magyar Napelem Napkollektor Szövetség, 2020. október 1. Online: https://www.mnnsz.hu/a-kaliforniai-erdotuzek-lehuztak-a-napelemek-mult-havi-termeleset/ KOVACSICS István (2024): Szénerőművek környezetbarát hamukezelése – az MVM megoldás. Energiaforrás, 60(1), 52–62. Online: https://mvm.hu/-/media/MVMHu/Documents/Media/Mediatartalmak/Energiaforras/MVM-Energiaforras_2024_1_web_jav.pdf MICHANOWICZ, Drew (2018): Op-Ed: The Aliso Canyon Gas Leak Was a Disaster. There Are 10,000 More Storage Wells Out There Just Like It. Los Angeles Times, 2018. május 14. Online: https://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-michanowicz-aliso-canyon-gas-leak-20180514-story.html MONDROW, Ian A. (2020): The Fort McMurray Wildfire Cases: Life After Stores Block. Gowling WLG, 2020. szeptember 30. Online: https://gowlingwlg.com/en/insights-resources/articles/2020/the-fort-mcmurray-wildfire-cases Napelem Rendszer [é. n.]: Féltsük az időjárástól a napelemeket? Online: https://napelemrendszer.info/feltsuk-az-idojarastol-a-napelemeket.html OAH (2020a): Magyarországon nem emelkedett a háttérsugárzás a Csernobil melletti erdőtűz miatt. OAH Hírek, 2020. április 6. Online: https://nyomtatvany.oah.hu/web/v3/OAHPortal.nsf/web?OpenAgent&article=news&uid=32A2D6D8A302266FC125854200476102 OAH (2020b): Elhúzódnak az oltási munkálatok Csernobilban. OAH Hírek, 2020. április 30. Online: https://www.haea.hu/web/v3/OAHportal.nsf/web?OpenAgent&article=news&uid=98932EF9014FF799C125855A003DF601 OAH (2020c): Reagálás a közösségi médiában megjelenő álhírekre, félrevezető, aggodalmat keltő információkra. OAH Hírek, 2020. április 9. Online: https://www.haea.gov.hu/web/v3/oahportal.nsf/web?OpenAgent&article=news&uid=96A32D026F10AAB0C1258545006A6FA0 PRUDHVI GUDDANTI, Kishan et al. (2016): A Comprehensive Review: Impacts of Extreme Temperatures due to Climate Change on Power Grid Infrastructure and Operation. IEEE Access, 4, 1–40. Online: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2410.08425v2 RAJENDRAN, Sankaran et al. (2021): Monitoring Oil Spill in Norilsk, Russia Using Satellite Data. Nature Scientific Report, 11, 3817. Online: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-83260-7 RAMSEUR, Jonathan L. (2010): Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: The Fate of the Oil. (Summary). Congressional Research Service. Online: https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/R/PDF/R41531/R41531.10.pdf REEVELL, Patrick (2020): Ukraine Says Wildfires Close to Chernobyl Are Extinguished After Rain Falls. ABC News, 2020. április 14. Online: https://abcnews.go.com/International/ukraine-wildfires-close-chernobyl-extinguished-rain-falls/story?id=70138987 Reuters (2024): Armenia’s Nuclear Power Plant to Resume Work After Lightning Strike. Reuters, 2024. augusztus 31. Online: https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/armenia-says-lightning-strike-shuts-down-nuclear-power-station-interfax-reports-2024-08-31/ SOARES, Marcelo Oliveira et al. (2022): The Most Extensive Oil Spill Registered in Tropical Oceans (Brazil): The Balance Sheet of a Disaster. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 19869–19877. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-18710-4 Synapse Energy Economics – Environmental Defense Fund – Taxpayers for Common Sense [é. n.]: Methane Waste and Pollution in Louisiana. Online: https://www.edf.org/sites/default/files/2023-09/LA%20methane%20waste%20%20pollution%20analysis%202023-04.pdf The University of British Columbia [é. n.]: Fort McMurray and the Fires of Climate Change. Online: https://cases.open.ubc.ca/fort-mcmurray-and-the-fires-of-climate-change/ Thy An Engineering Company (2024): Lightning Strike Causes Fire at Cai Lay Substation: Risks and Lessons Learned. TAEC Lightning News, 2024. szeptember 2. Online: https://thyan.vn/en/lightning-strike-causes-fire-at-cai-lay-substation-risks-and-lessons-learned TÓTH András – SIPOSNÉ KECSKEMÉTHY Klára – ENDRŐDI István (2020): A magyar szénhidrogéniparban előfordult katasztrófák, azok tanulságai és a megelőzés módozatai 1. rész. Hadmérnök, 15(4), 119–140. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2020.4.9 TÓTH András – SIPOSNÉ KECSKEMÉTHY Klára – ENDRŐDI István (2021): A magyar szénhidrogéniparban előfordult katasztrófák, azok tanulságai és a megelőzés módozatai 2. rész. Hadmérnök, 16(1), 129–144. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2021.1.8 US Environmental Protection Agency (2017a): TVA Kingston Site Case Study – Revitalization of the Wetlands, Embayments and Emory River. Online: https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2018-02/documents/tva_kingston_site_case_study_2017.pdf US Environmental Protection Agency (2017b): Watts Bar Reservoir Ecosystem Adjacent to TVA Kingston Facility Returns to Baseline Conditions. Online: https://19january2017snapshot.epa.gov/newsreleases/watts-bar-reservoir-ecosystem-adjacent-tva-kingston-facility-returns-baseline_.html WARRICK, Joby (2016): California Gas Leak Was the Worst Man-Made Greenhouse-Gas Disaster in U.S. Study Says. The Washington Post, 2016. február 25. Online: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/energy-environment/wp/2016/02/25/california-gas-leak-was-the-worst-man-made-greenhouse-gas-disaster-in-u-s-history-study-says/ WESTBROOK, Ian (2019): Lightning Strike ‘Partly to Blame’ for Power Cut. BBC, 2019. augusztus 20. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49402296 Jogi források - 219/2004. (VII. 21.) Korm. rendelet a felszín alatti vizek védelméről. Online: https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2004-219-20-22 - 220/2004. (VII. 21.) Korm. rendelet a felszíni vizek minősége védelmének szabályairól. Online: https://njt.hu/jogszabaly/2004-220-20-22" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "137-150" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(20) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.9" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(840) "

Ensuring the safe operation of hazardous facilities through the effective implementation of industrial safety measures is a fundamental prerequisite for achieving sustainable development. The primary objective of the present study is to explore the interrelations between the industrial safety in the energy sector and the environmental dimension. The second part of this article series evaluates the points of connection between the two fields form a practical perspective, based on the threefold task system of disaster management. The analysis is conducted through examples of recent energy sector accidents and malfunctions that involved significant environmental contamination, focusing on the quantity of harmful substances released, the effectiveness of recovery efforts, and the environmental vulnerability of energy systems.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(808) "

A veszélyes anyagokkal foglalkozó üzemek biztonságos működését célzó iparbiztonsági szempontok hatékony érvényesülése a fenntartható fejlődési stratégia sikerének alapvető feltétele. Jelen kutatás fő célja az energiaipari-biztonság és a környezeti dimenzió közötti összefüggések feltárása. A cikksorozat második része a két terület kapcsolódási pontjait a katasztrófavédelem hármas feladatrendszerét alapul véve gyakorlati perspektívából értékeli, a közelmúltban bekövetkezett, jelentős szennyezéssel járó energiaipari balesetek és üzemzavarok során kibocsátott káros anyagok mértékének, a helyreállítás eredményességének, valamint az energetikai rendszerek környezeti kitettségének főként külföldi példáin keresztül.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(124) "Assessment of Certain Interrelations between Industrial Safety in the Energy Sector and Environmental Sustainability, Part 2" ["hu_HU"]=> string(112) "Az energiaipari-biztonság és a környezeti fenntarthatóság egyes összefüggéseinek értékelése, 2. rész" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(47) "Sibalin Iván, Kátai-Urbán Maxim, Cimer Zsolt" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(3) { [0]=> object(Author)#807 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11121) ["email"]=> string(18) "sibalin4@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8638) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Sibalin" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Iván" } ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(28) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:3:"NKE";}" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#806 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11122) ["email"]=> string(31) "katai.urban.maxim@semmelweis.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8638) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(13) "Kátai-Urbán" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Maxim" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#797 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(11123) ["email"]=> string(22) "cimer.zsolt@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8638) ["seq"]=> int(4) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(0) "" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Cimer" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Zsolt" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(14) "iparbiztonság" [1]=> string(14) "energiaágazat" [2]=> string(29) "környezeti fenntarthatóság" [3]=> string(7) "baleset" [4]=> string(29) "veszélyhelyzeti kibocsátás" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(17) "industrial safety" [1]=> string(13) "energy sector" [2]=> string(28) "environmental sustainability" [3]=> string(8) "accident" [4]=> string(17) "emergency release" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#809 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47708) ["id"]=> int(6937) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8638) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#121 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(28) { ["id"]=> int(8752) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11303) ["sectionId"]=> int(71) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8627) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(5132) "BORG, Gunnar A. (1982): Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 14(5), 377–381. Online: https://doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198205000-00012 CARLTON, Andrew – ORR, Robin Marc (2015): The Effects of Fluid Loss on Physical Performance: A Critical Review. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 4(4), 357–363. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2014.09.004 CHEUNG, Stephen S. – LEE, Jason K.W. – OKSA, Juha (2016): Thermal Stress, Human Performance, and Physical Employment Standards. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 41(2), 148–164. Online: https://doi.org/10.1139/apnm-2015-0518 CHEUNG, Stephen S. et al. (2000): The Thermophysiology of Uncompensable Heat Stress. Physiological Manipulations and Individual Characteristics. Sports Medicine, 29(5), 329–359. Online: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200029050-00004 DICKHUTH, Hans-Hermann (2005): Táplálkozás, hő-, víz-, elektrolit-háztartás és a testi aktivitás. In Sportélettan, sportorvostan. Budapest: Dialóg Campus. DOS SANTOS, Lopes Marcel et al. (2025): The Metabolic Demand of Firefighting: A Systematic Review. Physiologia, 5(2), 12. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/physiologia5020012 HANCOCK, P. A. – VASMATZIDIS, I. (2003): Effects of Heat Stress on Cognitive Performance: The Current State of Knowledge. International Journal of Hyperthermia, 19(3), 355–372. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/0265673021000054630 HOLMÉR, Ingvar (2006): Protective Clothing in Hot Environments. Industrial Health, 44(3), 404–413. Online: https://doi.org/10.2486/indhealth.44.404 HORVÁTH Lilla (2023): A tűzoltó egyéni védőeszközök fejlesztési lehetőségei ergonómiai szempontok alapján. In PADÁNYI József – GŐCZE István (szerk.): Húsz év a katonai műszaki tudományok szolgálatában. Budapest: Ludovika, 71–79. JETTÉ, M. – SYDNEY, K. – BLÜMCHEN, G. (1990): Metabolic Equivalents (METS) in Exercise Testing, Exercise Prescription, and Evaluation of Functional Capacity. Clinical cardiology, 13(8), 555–565. Online: https://doi.org/10.1002/clc.4960130809 JUDELSON, Daniel A. et al. (2007): Hydration and Muscular Performance: Does Fluid Balance Affect Strength, Power and High-Intensity Endurance? Sports Medicine, 37, 907–921. Online: https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200737100-00006 KANYÓ Ferenc – VÁSÁRHELYI-NAGY Ildikó (2021): A beavatkozó tűzoltói állomány kompetencia alapú fizikai állapotfelmérése. Védelem Tudomány, 6(1), 204–217. Online: https://ojs.mtak.hu/index.php/vedelemtudomany/article/view/13455 KHAKPOUR, Ariana – GIBBONS, Michael – CHANDRA, Sanjeev (2021): Effect of Moisture Condensation on Vapour Transmission Through Porous Membranes. Journal of Industrial Textiles, 51(2_suppl), 1931–1951. Online: https://doi.org/10.1177/15280837211014239 KUTASI Csaba (2025): A tűzoltó-védőruházatok főbb jellemzői. Magyar Textiltechnika, 73(2), 16–22. Online: https://tmte.hu/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/MTT2025_2_16_Tuzolto.pdf MOSTELLER, Randhawa D (1987): Simplified Calculation of Body Surface Area. New England Journal of Medicine, 317(17), 1098. Online: https://doi.org/10.1056/nejm198710223171717 NFPA 1582 Standard on Comprehensive Occupational Medical Program for Fire Departments (2022). NFPA. Online: https://www.nfpa.org/codes-and-standards/nfpa-1582-standard-development/1582 PAVLIK Gábor (2019): Élettan-sportélettan. Budapest: Medicina. PÁNTYA Péter (2018): A Katasztrófavédelem beavatkozó hatékonyságának fejlesztése a tűzoltósági területen. Hadmérnök, 13(Különszám), 109–144. Online: http://www.hadmernok.hu/180kofop_07_pantya.pdf RAVANELLI, Nicolas – BONGERS, Coen – JAY, Ollie (2019). The Biophysics of Human Heat Exchange. In PÉRIARD, Julien – RACINAIS, Sébastien (szerk.) Heat Stress in Sport and Exercise. Cham: Springer, 29–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93515-7_2 SCHMIT, Cyril et al. (2017): Cognitive Functioning and Heat Strain: Performance Responses and Protective Strategies. Sports Medicine, 47,1289–1302. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0657-z SMITH, Denise L. – MANNING, T. – PETRUZZELLO, S. (2001): Effect of Strenuous Live-Fire Drills on Cardiovascular and Psychological Responses of Recruit Firefighters. Ergonomics, 44(3), 244–254. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130121115 SMITH, Denise L. et al. (2008): Firefighter Fatalities and Injuries: The Role of Heat Stress and PPE. Champaign, IL: Firefighter Life Safety Research Center, Illinois Fire Service Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Online: https://www.fsi.illinois.edu/documents/research/FFLSRC_FinalReport.pdf THOMPSON, Catherine et al. (2023): Do Extreme Temperatures Affect Cognition? A Short Review of the Impact of Acute Heat Stress on Cognitive Performance of Firefighters. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1270898. Online: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1270898 VITRAI József (2021): Cikkismertetés: A Magas hőmérséklet egészségkockázata. Egészségfejlesztés, 62(4), 86–91. Online: https://doi.org/10.24365/ef.v62i4.7242" ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "151-166" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.10" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(2084) "

This research examined the dynamics of microclimate changes within firefighter protective clothing and their effect on core body temperature. The basic question of the study was whether microclimatic factors causing heat stress can develop in firefighter protective clothing during the initial phase of interventions, before the actual firefighting. How do core temperature and skin temperature change, and at what rate does uncompensated heat stress build up? Is there a significant difference between the physiological indicators of exertion performed while wearing protective clothing and those performed in sportswear, under the same working conditions and external environmental conditions? In a 35-minute exercise test performed in the protective clothing (BEV) and sportswear (control, KON) at a specified load of 9±1 MET units, the results between the groups showed a significant difference between the core body temperature (Tc) values of the two groups. In the BEV group (mean [M]=38.36; standard deviation [SD]=0.116) and the KON group (M= 37.99; SD=0.055), the Tc values showed a significant (p=0.010) difference. In the case of the heart rates (HR) detected at the end of the test, statistical analysis also showed a significant difference between the BEV (M= 163.4; SD=8.414) and KON (M= 133; SD=9.848) groups (p=0.0127). The data show that, under the same external load, neither the core temperature, skin temperature, nor heart rate in the control group reached the values of the BEV group. The microclimate inside the protective clothing was characterized by an average air temperature of 33.58°C (SD 1.03) and the relative humidity was 80.95% (SD 9.89). The results confirm the assumption that in the initial phase of the interventions, microclimatic conditions may develop inside the protective clothing that can lead to uncompensated heat stress. Further mathematical and statistical analysis of the measurement data showed that markers indicating uncompensated heat stress typically appeared between the 15th and 18th minutes in members of the BEV group.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(2167) "

Jelen kutatás a tűzoltó védőruházaton belüli mikroklíma változásainak dinamikáját és hatását vizsgálta a maghőmérsékletre. A vizsgálat alapkérdése volt, hogy kialakulhatnak-e hőterhelést előidéző mikroklimatikus tényezők a tűzoltó védőruházatban a beavatkozások kezdeti szakaszában a tényleges tűzoltást megelőzően. Hogyan változik a maghőmérséklet és bőrhőmérséklet, milyen ütemben alakul ki a kompenzálatlan hőterhelés? Van-e lényeges különbség azonos munkavégzés és külső környezeti feltételek mellett védőruházatot viselve és sportruházatban végrehajtott terhelés élettani mutatói között. A bevetési ruhában (BEV) és a sportruházatban végzett (kontroll, KON) 35 perc időtartamú 9±1 MET egységben megszabott terheléses vizsgálaton a csoportok közötti eredmények alapján két csoport maghőmérséklet (Tc) értékei között jelentős eltérés mutatkozott. BEV-csoportban (átlag [M] = 38,36; szórás [SD] = 0,116) és a KON-csoportban (M = 37,99; SD = 0,055) a Tc-értékek szignifikáns (p = 0,010) különbséget mutattak. A teszt végén detektált pulzusszámok (HR) esetében a BEV (M = 163,4; SD = 8,414) és KON (M = 133; SD=9,848) csoportok között a statisztikai elemzés szintén jelentős különbséget mutatott ki (p = 0,0127). Az adatokból láható, hogy azonos külső terhelés mellett a kontrollcsoportban sem a maghőmérséklet, sem a bőrhőmérséklet, sem a pulzusszám nem éri el a BEV-csoport értékeit. A védőruházaton belüli mikroklímára jellemző volt, hogy a teszt végén az átlagos légréshőmérséklet 33,58°C, (SD 1,03), és a relatív páratartalom 80,95% (SD 9,89) volt. Az eredmények alapján igazolható a feltételezés, hogy a beavatkozások kezdeti szakaszában olyan mikroklimatikus viszonyok alakulhatnak ki a védőruházatban, amelyek kompenzálatlan hőterhelés kialakulásához vezethetnek. A mérési adatok további matematikai és statisztikai elemzései kimutatták, hogy a BEV-csoport tagjainál a kompenzálatlan hőterhelést jelző markerek jellemzően a 15. és 18. perc között jelentek meg.

" } ["title"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(123) "Dynamics of the Formation of Microclimatic Conditions Causing Uncompensated Heat Stress in Firefighting Protective Clothing" ["hu_HU"]=> string(128) "A kompenzálatlan hőterhelést előidéző mikroklimatikus viszonyok kialakulásának dinamikája a tűzoltó védőruházatban" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(15) "Somogyi Zoltán" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(Author)#744 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(11) { ["id"]=> int(11303) ["email"]=> string(27) "somogyi.zoltan001@gmail.com" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8752) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["affiliation"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(90) "a:1:{s:5:"hu_HU";s:64:"Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, Katonai Műszaki Doktori Iskola";}" } ["familyName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Somogyi" } ["givenName"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Zoltán" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(26) "kompenzálatlan hőstressz" [1]=> string(17) "maghőmérséklet" [2]=> string(14) "védőruházat" [3]=> string(9) "tűzoltó" } ["en_US"]=> array(4) { [0]=> string(25) "uncompensable heat stress" [1]=> string(21) "core body temperature" [2]=> string(19) "protective clothing" [3]=> string(11) "firefighter" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#776 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47709) ["id"]=> int(6938) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8752) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }

object(Publication)#116 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(29) { ["id"]=> int(8855) ["accessStatus"]=> int(0) ["datePublished"]=> string(10) "2026-07-28" ["lastModified"]=> string(19) "2026-07-28 16:05:40" ["primaryContactId"]=> int(11443) ["sectionId"]=> int(53) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["submissionId"]=> int(8730) ["status"]=> int(3) ["version"]=> int(1) ["categoryIds"]=> array(0) { } ["citationsRaw"]=> string(2370) "KOLONICS Attila (2018): Konvojtámogató Központ kialakítása Befogadó Nemzeti Támogatás keretében. Honvédségi Szemle – Hungarian Defence Review, 123(3), 117–128. Online: https://honvedelem.hu/files/files/110428/hsz_2018_3_beliv_117_128.pdf MAGYAR Róbert (2022): Az összhaderőnemi támogatás új szervezeti egysége és annak feladatai a NATO-ban. Honvédségi Szemle, 150(2), 3–20. Online: https://doi.org/10.35926/HSZ.2022.2.1 NATO SHAPE (2024): Criteria and Standards for the Zones of the Reinforcement and Sustainment Network. Mons. NATO NATO Standardization Agency (2014): ATP-3.13.1 (STANAG 2580) Reception, Staging and Onward Movement (RSOM) Procedures, Edition A Version 1. NATO Standardization Agency (2018): AJP-4.6 Allied Joint Doctrine for Joint Logistic Support Group, Edition C Version 1 (Draft). NATO Standardization Agency (2025): AJP-4 Allied Joint Doctrine for Sustainment of operations Edition C Version 1 (Draft). North Atlantic Council (2015): IBAN Special Report to Council on the Steps Needed to Improve ACO and NSPA Management of Contractor Support to Operations. Online: https://www.nato.int/content/dam/nato/webready/documents/iban/performance-audits/150720-aco-nspa-eng.pdf PETE Szabolcs (2019): A mozgáskoordináló központ működése a befogadó nemzeti támogatás keretén belül. Honvédségi Szemle – Hungarian Defence Review, 147(4), 114–133. Online: https://real.mtak.hu/125226/1/HSZ_2019_147_4_Pete_Szabolcs.pdf SZAJKÓ Gyula – PAP Andrea – GULYÁS György (2024): A FOURLOG 2024 logisztikai kiképzés magyarországi szakaszának tapasztalatai és újszerű elemei. Hadmérnök, 19(3), 67–83. Online: https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2024.3.5 VENEKEI József – SZAJKÓ Gyula (2020): Magyarország lehetséges szerepe a NATO RSOM-műveleteiben. Hadtudományi Szemle, 13(4), 23–40. Online: https://doi.org/10.32563/hsz.2020.4.3 - 144/2017. számú HVKF parancsa a „SABER GUARDIAN 2017” nemzetközi gyakorlat és kapcsolódó nemzeti gyakorlatok előkészítéséről, valamint a „SABER GUARDIAN 2017” gyakorlat végrehajtásával kapcsolatos nemzeti támogatási feladatok végrehajtásáról. - 62/2017 MH LK PK parancsa „SABER GUARDIAN 2017” nemzetközi gyakorlat és kapcsolódó nemzeti gyakorlatok végrehajtásával kapcsolatos logisztikai támogatási feladatok végrehajtásáról." ["copyrightYear"]=> int(2026) ["issueId"]=> int(694) ["licenseUrl"]=> string(49) "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0" ["pages"]=> string(7) "167-188" ["pub-id::doi"]=> string(21) "10.32567/hm.2026.1.11" ["abstract"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(1495) "

The Russian–Ukrainian confrontation, followed by the unfolding armed conflict, has significantly altered NATO’s and European states’ standpoint on the security environment of the region. In addition to increasing applicable forces, the Alliance is placing growing emphasis on developing RSOM (Reception, Staging, Onward Movement) capabilities in order to ensure the rapid and seamless deployment of troops across the European theatre. Fort the lecturers of Department of Supply, Finance and Military Transportation, Faculty of Military Science and Officer Training, of Ludovika University of Public Service, it has become clear that greater emphasis must be placed on RSOM-related tasks and their changes in the traning of graduating cadets who study in military logistic Bsc program. This article aims to present the RSOM-oriented training elements and their practical implementation within the framework of tactical field exercises conducted in the military logistics Bsc program. The authors examine the applied methodology, innovative practical approaches, and how these elements contribute to the practice-based preparation of cadets. These tasks can be appeared in the professional duties of officers, both in national defense and crisis response operations. For this reason, it is very important for the the faculty's element and the supporting military to maintain their cooperation and lecturers to develop the traning program, which adapts the security policy environment.

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(1724) "

Az orosz–ukrán ellentét, majd a kibontakozó fegyveres konfliktus megváltoztatta a NATO és az európai államok a térség biztonsági környezetéről alkotott álláspontját. A szövetség az alkalmazandó erők növelése mellett egyre nagyobb figyelmet fordít a reception, staging, onward movement (RSOM – fogadás, állomásoztatás, előrevonás) képességek kialakítására, annak érdekében, hogy biztosítsa a haderők gyors és zökkenőmentes bevethetőségét az európai hadszíntéren. A Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Hadtudományi és Honvédtisztképző Kar Katonai Logisztikai Intézet Hadtáp és Katonai Közlekedési Tanszék oktatói számára világossá vált, hogy a logisztikai alapképzésben részt vevő honvéd tisztjelöltek felkészítése során nagy hangsúlyt kell helyezni az RSOM-hez kapcsolódó feladatokra és az azokban bekövetkezett változásokra is. A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa a katonai logisztika alapképzési szak szakharcászati gyakorlatának keretei között megvalósított RSOM-orientált kiképzési elemeket és azok tapasztalatait. A szerzők kitérnek az alkalmazott módszertanra, az újszerű gyakorlati megoldásokra, valamint arra, miként segítik ezen elemek a honvéd tisztjelöltek gyakorlatorientált felkészítését. Ezek a feladatok a későbbiekben a beosztásuk betöltésekor is megjelenhetnek mind országvédelmi, mind válságreagáló műveletekben. Ezért is fontos, hogy a kar szervezeti eleme és a kiképzést támogató katonai szervezetek folytassák az együttműködést, valamint az oktatók fejlesszék a kiképzési programot, amely igazodik a biztonságpolitikai helyzetben bekövetkezett változásokhoz.

" } ["subtitle"]=> array(1) { ["en_US"]=> string(119) "Experiences and New Elements of the Military Logistics Bachelor’s Tactical Training in the Context of RSOM Operations" } ["copyrightHolder"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(58) "Szajkó Gyula, Pap Andrea, Gulyás György, Fábos Róbert" } ["title"]=> array(1) { ["hu_HU"]=> string(135) "A katonai logisztika alapképzési szak szakharcászati gyakorlatának tapasztalatai és újszerű elemei az RSOM-műveletek tükrében" } ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["authors"]=> array(4) { [0]=> object(Author)#783 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(14) { ["id"]=> int(11443) ["email"]=> string(23) "szajko.gyula@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8855) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(36) "http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4347-4340" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(37) "National University of Public Service" ["hu_HU"]=> string(31) "Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(27) "

practical instructor

" ["hu_HU"]=> string(25) "

gyakorlati oktató

" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(7) "Szajkó" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Szajkó" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(5) "Gyula" ["hu_HU"]=> string(5) "Gyula" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [1]=> object(Author)#779 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(12310) ["email"]=> string(21) "pap.andrea@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8855) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4809-2296" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(3) "Pap" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Andrea" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [2]=> object(Author)#780 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(12311) ["email"]=> string(24) "gulyas.gyorgy@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8855) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5334-470X" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Gulyás" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "György" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } [3]=> object(Author)#771 (6) { ["_data"]=> array(15) { ["id"]=> int(12312) ["email"]=> string(23) "fabos.robert@uni-nke.hu" ["includeInBrowse"]=> bool(true) ["publicationId"]=> int(8855) ["seq"]=> int(1) ["userGroupId"]=> int(184) ["country"]=> string(2) "HU" ["orcid"]=> string(37) "https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4883-0797" ["url"]=> string(0) "" ["affiliation"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["biography"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["familyName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(6) "Fábos" } ["givenName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(7) "Róbert" } ["preferredPublicName"]=> array(2) { ["en_US"]=> string(0) "" ["hu_HU"]=> string(0) "" } ["submissionLocale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) } } ["keywords"]=> array(2) { ["hu_HU"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(15) "RSOM-műveletek" [1]=> string(14) "felkészítés" [2]=> string(11) "törzsmunka" [3]=> string(25) "szakharcászati gyakorlat" [4]=> string(17) "új elgondolások" } ["en_US"]=> array(5) { [0]=> string(15) "RSOM operations" [1]=> string(8) "training" [2]=> string(10) "staff work" [3]=> string(23) "tactical field exercise" [4]=> string(14) "new approaches" } } ["subjects"]=> array(0) { } ["disciplines"]=> array(0) { } ["languages"]=> array(0) { } ["supportingAgencies"]=> array(0) { } ["galleys"]=> array(1) { [0]=> object(ArticleGalley)#769 (7) { ["_data"]=> array(9) { ["submissionFileId"]=> int(47710) ["id"]=> int(6939) ["isApproved"]=> bool(false) ["locale"]=> string(5) "hu_HU" ["label"]=> string(3) "PDF" ["publicationId"]=> int(8855) ["seq"]=> int(0) ["urlPath"]=> string(0) "" ["urlRemote"]=> string(0) "" } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(true) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_submissionFile"]=> NULL } } } ["_hasLoadableAdapters"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataExtractionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_extractionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) ["_metadataInjectionAdapters"]=> array(0) { } ["_injectionAdaptersLoaded"]=> bool(false) }