The Dawn of a New Chapter in India–Africa Relationship
The Opportunities and Challenges of Indian Defence Exports to Africa
Copyright (c) 2025 Aadi Rajesh

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Abstract
India has come a long way from being a defence importer to becoming a major defence exporter. As India seeks to increase its own geopolitical clout and counterbalance the growing Chinese influence in the developing world, it is adapting to new avenues for partnership with the developing world. With a wide range of indigenous, cost-effective, and reliable weapons, India is seeking to forge a new chapter of defence export in its relations with various developing countries, especially Africa.
While some instances of successes have given a boost to the Indian defence industry and increased its exports, challenges remain with competition from China, Russia, Turkey, the United States, and other Western nations in a growing African defence import market. The paper will explore the recent developments in the Indian defence industry, the trend of current exports to Africa, and the potential opportunities and challenges.
Keywords:
How to Cite
References
ARDUINO, Alessandro (2024): China’s Expanding Security Footprint in Africa: From Arms Transfers to Military Cooperation. ISPI, 30 September 2024. Online: https://www.ispionline.it/en/publication/chinas-expanding-security-footprint-in-africa-from-arms-transfers-to-military-cooperation-184841
ATIF, Noor U. H. (2024): The Weight of Ambition: India’s Challenging Path to Modern Military Power. Modern Diplomacy, 4 December 2024. Online: https://moderndiplomacy.eu/2024/12/04/the-weight-of-ambition-indias-challenging-path-to-modern-military-power/
BBC (2021): 1991 Reforms: The Year that Transformed India. [Video]. BBC, 24 July 2021. Online: https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-asia-india-57939341
BEHERA, Laxman K. (2023): The State of India’s Public Sector Defence Industry. Observer Research Foundation Occasional Paper. Online: https://www.orfonline.org/research/the-state-of-indias-public-sector-defence-industry
COHEN, Stephen P. – DASGUPTA, Sunil (2012): Arming without Aiming: India’s Military Modernization. Brookings Institution Press.
DEDET, Joséphine (2023): Turkey’s Arms Industry Takes Off in Africa. The Africa Report, 17 October 2023. Online: https://www.theafricareport.com/325048/turkeys-arms-industry-takes-off-in-africa/
DEVORE, Marc R. (2013): Arms Production in the Global Village: Options for Adapting to Defense-Industrial Globalization. Security Studies, 22(3), 532–572. Online: https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2013.816118
Eureporter (2024): Who Sells Arms in Africa? Eureporter, 3 August 2024. Online: https://www.eureporter.co/world/africa/2024/08/03/who-sells-arms-in-africa/
Exim Bank India [s. a.]: Huge Scope for Greater Engagements between India and African Countries: India Exim Bank. Online: https://www.eximbankindia.in/press-releases-details.aspx?pressid=439
HASAN, Zubeida (1963): Western Arms Aid to India. Pakistan Horizon, 16(4), 333–343. Online: https://www.jstor.org/stable/41392778
India expands strategic presence; to have defence attaches in more countries in Africa, Asia. The Economic Times, 2024. 04. 10. Online: https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-expands-strategic-presence-to-have-defence-attaches-in-more-countries-in-africa-asia/articleshow/109202546.cms?from=mdr
KUMAR, A. – MEHTA, M. (2022): Study on Identifying the Opportunities for Defence Exports Initiative towards Make in India Initiative. In CHANDANI, A. – DIVEKAR, R. – NAYAK, J. K. (eds.): Achieving $5 Trillion Economy of India. Springer Proceedings in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore, 215–280. Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7818-9_12
LIKHACHEV, K. A. (2024): Key Aspects of India’s Arms Export Policy amid Military-Industrial Complex Reform. Vestnik RUDN International Relations, 24(1), 92–106. Online: https://doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2024-24-1-92-106
LIONEL, Ekene (2024): Nigeria Interested in Indian-Made Tejas Fighter Jet, but Sale is Highly Unlikely. Military Africa, 8 January 2024. Online: https://www.military.africa/2024/01/nigeria-interested-in-indian-made-tejas-fighter-jet-but-sale-is-highly-unlikely/#google_vignette
Ministry of Defence (2021): MoD Issues RFP for Construction of Six P-75(I) Submarines for Indian Navy. Press Release, 20 July 2021. Online: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1737191
Ministry of Defence (2022): Government Plans on AMCA. 14 March 2022. Online: https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1805742
Ministry of Defence (2023): India–Africa Joint Military Exercise ‘Afindex-23’ Concluded at Foreign Training Node, Aundh, Pune. Press Release, 29 March 2023. https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1911766
Ministry of Defence (2024a): Defence Exports Touch Record Rs 21,083 Crore in FY 2023–24, an Increase of 32.5% over Last Fiscal; Private Sector Contributes 60%, DPSUs – 40%. Press Release, 1 April 2024. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2016818#:~:text=Defence%20exports%20have%20touched%20a,compared%20to%20FY%202013%2D14
Ministry of Defence (2024b): Marching Towards Atmanirbharta: India’s Defence Revolution. Press Release, 29 October 2024. Online: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2069090
PANDIT, Rajat (2021): India’s Weapon Imports Fell by 33% in Last Five Years but Remains World’s Second-Largest Arms Importer. The Times of India, 16 March 2021. Online: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/indias-weapon-imports-fell-by-33-in-last-five-years-but-remains-worlds-second-largest-arms-importer/articleshow/81516403.cms
ROY, Kaushik (2003): Equipping Leviathan: Ordnance Factories of British India, 1859-1913. War in History, 10(4), 398–423. Online: https://doi.org/10.1191/0968344503wh278oa
SENGUPTA, Shayak – PONANGI, Rama T. (2022): Russia’s Outsized Role in India’s Nuclear Power Program. The Diplomat, 28 May 2022. Online: https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/russias-outsized-role-in-indias-nuclear-power-program/
SINGH, Gurjit (2024): Atmanirbhar in Africa. Gateway House, 22 October 2024. Online: https://www.gatewayhouse.in/atmanirbhar-in-africa/#:~:text=The%20main%20African%20importers%20of,are%20based%20on%20Indian%20exports
THAPLIYAL, Sangeeta (1998): Indo-Pak Conflict and the Role of External Powers. Strategic Analysis, 22(7). Online: https://ciaotest.cc.columbia.edu/olj/sa/sa_98ths01.html
TOI Business Desk (2024): Indian Defence Industry Set for 14% CAGR Growth by 2030: Report. The Times of India, 8 September 2024. Online: https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/indian-defence-industry-set-for-14-cagr-growth-by-2030-report/articleshow/113161269.cms#:~:text=NEW%20DELHI%3A%20The%20Indian%20defence,a%20sectoral%20report%20by%20Jefferies
WEZEMAN, Pieter D. – DJOKIC, Katarina – GEORGE, Mathew – HUSSAIN, Zain – WEZEMAN, Siemon T. (2024): Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2023. Stockholm: SIPRI. Online: https://doi.org/10.55163/PBRP4239