No Drone’s Sky: Full Spectrum Drone Surveillance and Neutralisation Concept for Enhanced Counter-UAS Framework

(Part 2, Neutralisation)

doi: 10.32567/hm.2024.2.9

Absztrakt

We are living in an era that is marked by the exponential growth of small Unmanned Aircraft Systems (sUAS), therefore the imperative for effective countermeasures against potential threats to public safety, national security, and individual privacy inherent in these airborne apparatus has become increasingly pronounced. Following the foundational exploration of UAS surveillance in the first segment of the Counter-UAS (C-UAS) series, this second instalment shifts its gaze to the pivotal domain of drone neutralisation techniques. Investigating both soft and hard neutralisation methodologies, this study aims to unravel the intricate landscape of strategies devised to legally and securely incapacitate, disrupt, or assume control over sUAS threats. Drawing from a rich tapestry of existing literature and recent research endeavours, this paper embarks on an expedition through a spectrum of neutralisation approaches subjecting the aforementioned methodologies to rigorous scrutiny regarding their efficacy and other implications, in order to contribute substantively to the development of a resilient C-UAS framework. Moreover, this study lays the groundwork for the third part of this C-UAS series, where the author shall unfurl a vision of operation. Besides elucidating the challenges and opportunities inherent in the neutralisation of small drone threats, this study also aims to catalyse collaboration within the research community, dedicated to ensuring the secure coexistence within the airspace system.

Kulcsszavak:

anti-drone counter-uas drone sensing drone neutralizaiton drone surveillance

Hogyan kell idézni

Horváth, G. (2024). No Drone’s Sky: Full Spectrum Drone Surveillance and Neutralisation Concept for Enhanced Counter-UAS Framework: (Part 2, Neutralisation). Hadmérnök, 19(2), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.32567/hm.2024.2.9

Hivatkozások

ARTECHE, David – CHIVERS, Kenneth – HOWARD, Bryce – LONG, Terrell – MERRIMAN, Walter – PADILLA, Anthony – PINTO, Andrew – SMITH, Stenson – THOMA, Victoria (2017): Drone Defense System Architecture for US Navy Strategic Facilities. Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, USA.

BALESTRIERI, Eulalia – DAPONTE, Pasquale – VITO, Luca de – LAMONACA, Francesco (2021): Sensors and Measurements for Unmanned Systems: An Overview. Sensors, 21(4), 1518. Online. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21041518

BHATTACHARYA, Sourabh – BAŞAR, Tamer (2010): Game-Theoretic Analysis of an Aerial Jamming Attack on a UAV Communication Network. In Proceedings of the 2010 American Control Conference, Baltimore, MD, USA, 2010, 818–823. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACC.2010.5530755

BLYSKAL, Tomasz – FONG, Richard – THOMPSON, LaMar (2019): Scalable Effect Net Warhead. US Patent (Application Number: 10,197,365).

BORJA, Lauren (2023): High-Energy Laser Directed Energy Weapons: Military Doctrine and Implications for Warfare. In GRUSZCZAK, Artur – KAEMPF Sebastian (eds.): Routledge Handbook of the Future of Warfare. London: Routledge, 353–363. Online: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003299011-37

BRUST, Matthias – DANOY, Grégoire – STOLFI, Daniel – BOUVRY, Pascal (2021): Swarm-Based Counter UAV Defense System. Discover Internet of Things, 1(2). Online: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43926-021-00002-x

CASTRILLO, Vittorio – MANCO, Angelo – PASCARELLA, Domenico – GIGANTE, Gabriella (2022): A Review of Counter-UAS Technologies for Cooperative Defensive Teams of Drones. Drones, 6(3), 65. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6030065

CHAMOLA, Vinay – KOTESH, Pavan – AGARWAL, Aayush – NAREN – GUPTA, Navneet – GUIZANI, Mohsen (2020): A Comprehensive Review of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks and Neutralization Techniques. Ad Hoc Networks, 111, 102324. Online: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2020.102324

CLINE, Travis (2020): Mitigating Drone Attacks for Large High-Density Events. PhD Thesis. Purdue University. Online: https://doi.org/10.25394/PGS.13341860.v1

CURPEN, Radu – BĂLAN, Titus – MICLOŞ, Ioan Alexandru – COMĂNICI, Ionut (2018): Assessment of Signal Jamming Efficiency against LTE UAVs. In 2018 International Conference on Communications (COMM), Bucharest, Romania, 2018, 367–370. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICComm.2018.8484746

CSENGERI, János (2019): Counter-Drone Activity as a System. Security & Future, 3(1), 31–34.

DA SILVA, Douglas – MACHADO, Renato – COUTINHO, Olympio – ANTREICH, Felix (2023): A Soft-Kill Reinforcement Learning Counter Unmanned Aerial System (C-UAS) with Accelerated Training. IEEE Access, 11, 31496–31507. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3253481

DEY, Vishal – PUDI, Vikramkumar – CHATTOPADHYAY, Anupam – ELOVICI, Yuval (2018): Security Vulnerabilities of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Countermeasures: An Experimental Study. In 31st International Conference on VLSI Design and 17th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID), Pune, India, 2018, 398–403. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/VLSID.2018.97

ESTEVES, José Lopes – COTTAIS, Emmanuel – KASMI, Chaouki (2018): Unlocking the Access to the Effects Induced by IEMI on a Civilian UAV. In International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, (EMC EUROPE), Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2018, 48–52. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/EMCEurope.2018.8484990

FICCO, Massimo – PALMIERO, Raffaele – RAK, Massimiliano – GRANATA, Daniele (2022): MAVLink Protocol for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle: Vulnerabilities Analysis. In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Dependable, Autonomic and Secure Computing, International Conference on Pervasive Intelligence and Computing, International Conference on Cloud and Big Data Computing, International Conference on Cyber Science and Technology Congress, (DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/CyberSciTech), Falerna, Italy, 2022, 1–6. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/DASC/PiCom/CBDCom/Cy55231.2022.9927895

HUANG, Ke-Wen – WANG, Hui-Ming (2018): Combating the Control Signal Spoofing Attack in UAV Systems. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67(8), 7769–7773. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/TVT.2018.2830345

JAHANGIR, Mohammed – WHITE, Daniel (2021): Good Practices and Approaches for Counter UAV System Developments – An Industrial Perspective. In CLEMENTE, Carmine – FIORANELLI, Francesco – COLONE, Fabiola – LI, Gang (eds.): Radar Countermeasures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. E-book. Online: https://doi.org/10.1049/SBRA543E_ch12

KANG, Honggu – JOUNG, Jingon – KIM, Jinyoung – KANG, Joonhyuk – CHO, Yong Soo (2020): Protect Your Sky: A Survey of Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems. IEEE Access, 8, 168671–168710. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3023473

KRAJNC, Zoltán (2018): A drónok elleni stratégia és eljárások. Repüléstudományi Közlemények, 30(3), 139–148.

LI, An – WU, Qingqing – ZHANG, Rui (2018): UAV-Enabled Cooperative Jamming for Improving Secrecy of Ground Wiretap Channel. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 8(1), 181–184. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/LWC.2018.2865774

MARTINS, Bruno – HOLLAND, Arthur – SILKOSET, Andrea (2020): Countering the Drone Threat: Implications of C-UAS Technology for Norway in an EU and NATO Context. PRIO Paper, Peace Research Institute Oslo.

MCFADDEN, Johnjoe (2021): Life Is Simple: How Occam’s Razor Set Science Free and Unlocked the Universe. New York: Basic Books.

PALIK, Mátyás (2013): A pilóta nélküli légijárművek katonai alkalmazása. In Pilóta nélküli repülés profiknak és amatőröknek. Budapest: Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem, 281–298.

PÄRLIN, Karel – ALAM, Muhammad – MOULLEC, Yannick (2018): Jamming of UAV Remote Control Systems Using Software Defined Radio. In 2018 International Conference on Military Communications and Information Systems (ICMCIS), Warsaw, Poland, 2018, 1–6. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMCIS.2018.8398711

PISTOIA, Daniela (2021): Counter UAS Systems Overview. In CLEMENTE, Carmine – FIORANELLI, Francesco – COLONE, Fabiola – LI, Gang (eds.): Radar Countermeasures for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Scitech Publishing, 21–43. Online: https://doi.org/10.1049/SBRA543E_ch1

RODDAY, Nils – SCHMIDT, Ricardo – PRAS, Aiko (2016): Exploring Security Vulnerabilities of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. In NOMS 2016 – 2016 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium, Istanbul, Turkey, 2016, 993–994. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/NOMS.2016.7502939

RUDYS, Saulius – LAUČYS, Andrius – RAGULIS, Paulius – ALEKSIEJŪNAS, Rimvydas – STANKEVIČIUS, Karolis – KINKA, Martynas – RAZGŪNAS, Matas – BRUČAS, Domantas – UDRIS, Dainius – POMARNACKI, Raimondas (2022): Hostile UAV Detection and Neutralization Using a UAV System. Drones, 6(9), 250. Online: https://doi.org/10.3390/drones6090250

SANDER, Jennifer – KUWERTZ, Achim – MÜHLENBERG, Dirk – MÜLLER, Wilmuth (2018): High-Level Data Fusion Component for Drone Classification and Decision Support in Counter UAV. In Proceedings of Open Architecture/Open Business Model Net-Centric Systems and Defense Transformation, Orlando, SPIE 10651. Online: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2306148

SLITI, Maha – ABDALLAH, Walid – BOUDRIGA, Noureddine (2018): Jamming Attack Detection in Optical UAV Networks. In 20th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON), Bucharest, Romania, 1–5. Online: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICTON.2018.8473921

TAILLANDIER, Maximilian – PEIFFER, Richard – DARUT, Gabriel – VERDY, Charles – REGNAULT Reneé – POMMIES, Miles (2023): Duality Safety – Efficiency in Laser Directed Energy Weapon Applications. In Proceedings of SPIE, High Power Lasers: Technology and Systems, Platforms, Effects, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2023. Online: https://doi.org/10.1117/12.3001871

WENTZEL, Alexander – CORNILS, Jan – VALENTIN, Marco – HEYNICKE, Ralf – SCHOLL, Gerd (2024): Compact Counter-UAS System for Defeating Small UAV in Complex Environments, Detection, Tracking, ID and Defeat of Small UAVs in Complex Environments. (STO-MP-SET-315).

WILLNER, Byron (2009): Methods and Apparatuses for Detecting and Neutralizing Remotely Activated Explosives. US Patent (Application Number: 12/126,570).

ZHAO, Chen – WANG, Xuesong – XIAO, Shilin (2009): Cooperative Deception Jamming against Radar Network Using a Team of UAVs. IET International Radar Conference, Guilin, China, 2009. Online: https://doi.org/10.1049/cp.2009.0418